108 ◾ Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson
for each FO all the immediate lower level things that must be done satisfactorily
(i.e., MO) in order to achieve the given FO. Lower level MOs can be obtained for
next higher level MOs in a similar manner. e result is a network of objectives
with the FOs at the root level and a set of MOs at the leaf level. Each leaf level MO
can be considered to be equivalent to an actionable goal.
VFT can be used to provide a formal process to go from the BOs to the DMOs.
For our purposes, the BOs are the FOs, whereas each leaf level MO may be a DMO.
Now, it is possible that for a given FO (i.e., BO), not each associated MO would be
a DMO. erefore, let us consider the following three possibilities that could occur:
1. Eac