
37Chapter three: Training older adults
been found. For example, a meta-analysis (Callahan, Kiker, and Cross,
2003) examining the benets of different training techniques for learn-
ers over age 40 did not reveal any consistent age and training method
interactions. The methods examined were lecture, modeling, and active
participation (discovery learning). All three proved effective with older
adults. The meta-analysis also compared instructional factors: materi-
als, feedback, pacing, and group size. Only self-pacing and group size
(smaller is better) proved important, with self-pacing resulting in more
positive outcomes for ...