Designing Training and Instructional Programs for Older Adults

202 Designing training and instructional programs for older adults

with the auditory and visual input modalities, and with the pictorial and

verbal storage systems in WM.

These limits are especially evident for older adults who may be expe-

riencing declines in the capacities of these information-processing sys-

tems, as well as in the speed with which information can be processed

(Chapter 7). The existence of these limits provides the basis for many of

the guidelines discussed below and presented in Table10.2. These guide-

lines have been compiled and adapted from a variety of sources, includ-

ing Mayer and Moreno (2003), Moreno (2006), Clark and Mayer (2008), and

Fisk et al. (2009). For example, such guidelines suggest using both audi-