118 Designing training and instructional programs for older adults
executive component of WM might exact. If these demands are substan-
tial, and if they are particularly sensitive to aging, then the benets of
distributing input instructional information across the verbal and spa-
tial–analogical codes may become negated by the effort the learner may
need to invest in integrating the information from the two WM storage
systems. In fact, this remains a dilemma in assessing the benets of mul-
timedia for training older adults (Chapter 10): can the benets associated
with enhancing limited cognitive capacities in WM storage systems be
offset by the costs associated with having to integrate information from
these memory systems?