LoRaWAN is based on a star network topology. For that matter, it can be said it supports star of stars topology. Rather than a single hub-spoke model, a LoRaWAn can assume multiple hubs. A node can be associated with more than one gateway.
A critical component of LoRaWAN that sets it apart from most of the transports listed in this book is the fact that user data will be transported from an end-node to the gateway over the LoRaWAN protocol. At that point, the LoRaWAN gateway will forward the packet over any backhaul (such as 4G-LTE, Ethernet, Wi-Fi) to a dedicated LoRaWAN network service in the cloud. This is unique since most other WAN architectures release any control of customer data at the time it leaves their network ...