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Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields
From Signaling to Healing
Arthur A. Pilla
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Pulsed electromagnetic elds (PEMFs), from extremely low frequency (ELF) to pulsed radio fre-
quency (PRF), have been successfully employed as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of delayed,
nonunion, and fresh fractures and fresh and chronic wounds. Recent increased understanding of the
mechanism of action of PEMF signals has permitted technologic advances allowing the develop-
ment of PRF devices that are portable and disposable; can be incorporated into dressings, supports,
and casts; and can be used over clothing. This broadens the use of nonpharmacolo ...