368 Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine
cases of pregnancy ending in miscarriage among physiotherapists are very controver-
sial in terms of possible physical factors being the reason. Some of them occur between
6 and 10 weeks of gestation, and others during the rst trimester. Shortwave diathermy,
ultrasound, and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), in combination or sep-
arately, are most likely factors that are attributed to miscarriages (Cromie et al. 2002,
Dimitrova 1965, Lindbom and Taskinen 2000, Taskinen et al. 1990). Magnavita and Fileni
(1994) excluded therapeutical ultrasound as a cause of overexposure due to the fast air-
borne signal desertion.
• Malformations: These have the same uncertainties as miscarr