
39Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields
tubular, vessel-like structures from endothelial cells in culture in the presence of growth factors
(Yen-Patton et al., 1998). Another study conrmed a sevenfold increase in endothelial cell tubule
formation in vitro (Tepper et al., 2004). Quantication of angiogenic proteins demonstrated a ve-
fold increase in FGF-2, suggesting that PEMF modulates angiogenesis by increasing FGF-2 produc-
tion. This same study also reported PEMF increased vascular in-growth more than twofold when
applied to an implanted Matrigel plug in mice, with a concomitant increase in FGF-2, similar to that
observed in vitro. PEMF signicantly ...