241Electromagnetic Fields for Soft Tissue Wound Healing
some years ago (Yen-Patton et al., 1988). Because ECs are intimately involved in the angiogenic
process, the migration of endothelial progenitor cells in an electric eld was carefully studied (Zhao
et al., 2012). Results indicated that these cells move in the eld’s direction in association with VGEF
signaling (Bai et al., 2011). This suggests a new way in which various EMFT signals may play a role.
Because many effects of VGEF on EC depend on Ca
++
signaling (Cheng et al., 2006), this may turn
out to be another example of an EMF–Ca
++
connection.
15.5.2 kEratinocytEs
Wound healing needs epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation to re-epithelialize.
Keratinocyte migration ...