
69
6
Engineering Problems in
Bioelectromagnetics
Hubert Trzaska
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic eld (EMF) standards (primary standards) are one of the least accurate stan-
dards, as compared to those of other physical magnitudes. Their uncertainty (class), in the best
cases, is around several percents, while, for instance, frequency standards represent a class well
below 10
−10
. In order to illustrate achievable classes of the EMF standards, selected results of
international EMF standards comparison are shown in Figure 6.1. The comparison was headed
by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder—the most competent
institut ...