15.1. INTRODUCTION
A clear majority of Americans believe that mass media outlets are biased.
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Media biases
can take a variety of forms: in favor of the incumbent government, in favor of a particular
political party, ideologically liberal or conservative, in favor of industries or companies
that advertise heavily in the outlet or that own the outlet, or in favor of audiences that
are more valuable to advertisers.
Although the belief in some sort of bias is widespread, measuring bias in a relatively
objective, replicable, and affordable manner is a difficult task. Even defining bias requires
considerable care. Perhaps the most difficult question is: Bias relative to what? Relative to
what a “neutral” or “fair” or “balanced” outlet would do? Relative