book

Java How to Program, Early Objects, 11th Edition

by Paul J. Deitel, Harvey Deitel

June 2017

Beginner

1296 pages

69h 23m

English

Pearson

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Java™ How to Program Early Objects
How To Program Series
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Java™ How to Program Early Objects
Trademarks
Contents
Foreword
Preface
New and Updated FeaturesFlexibility Using Java SE 8 or the New Java SE 9Java How to Program, 11/e’s Modular Organization1Introduction and Programming Fundamentals (Parts 1 and 2)Flexible Coverage of Java 9: JShell, the Module System and Other Java 9 Topics (JShell Begins in Part 1; the Rest is in Part 9)Object-Oriented Programming (Part 3)Flexible JavaFX GUI, Graphics and Multimedia Coverage (Part 4) and Optional Swing Coverage (Part 11)Data Structures and Generic Collections (Part 5)Flexible Lambdas and Streams Coverage (Chapter 17)Database: JDBC and JPA (Part 7)Web Application Development and Web Services (Part 8)Optional Online Object-Oriented Design Case Study (Part 10)Teaching ApproachProgramming WisdomWhat are JEPs, JSRs and the JCP?Secure Java ProgrammingCompanion Website: Source Code, VideoNotes, Online Chapters and Online AppendicesSoftware Used in Java How to Program, 11/eJava Documentation LinksJava How to Program, Late Objects Version, 11/eInstructor SupplementsOnline Practice and Assessment with MyProgrammingLab™Keeping in Touch with the AuthorsReviewersA Special Thank You to Robert FieldA Special Thank You to Brian GoetzAbout the AuthorsAbout Deitel® & Associates, Inc. & Associates, Inc.About the Cover Art
Before You Begin
1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Java
ObjectivesOutline
1.1 Introduction

1.2 Hardware and Software
1.2.1 Moore’s Law1.2.2 Computer Organization
1.3 Data Hierarchy
1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages
1.5 Introduction to Object Technology
1.5.1 Automobile as an Object1.5.2 Methods and Classes1.5.3 Instantiation1.5.4 Reuse1.5.5 Messages and Method Calls1.5.6 Attributes and Instance Variables1.5.7 Encapsulation and Information Hiding1.5.8 Inheritance1.5.9 Interfaces1.5.10 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)1.5.11 The UML (Unified Modeling Language)
1.6 Operating Systems
1.6.1 Windows—A Proprietary Operating System1.6.2 Linux—An Open-Source Operating System1.6.3 Apple’s macOS and Apple’s iOS for iPhone®, iPad® and iPod Touch® Devices1.6.4 Google’s Android
1.7 Programming Languages
1.8 Java
1.9 A Typical Java Development Environment
1.10 Test-Driving a Java Application
1.11 Internet and World Wide Web
1.11.1 Internet: A Network of Networks1.11.2 World Wide Web: Making the Internet User-Friendly1.11.3 Web Services and Mashups1.11.4 Internet of Things
1.12 Software Technologies
1.13 Getting Your Questions Answered
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
2 Introduction to Java Applications; Input/Output and Operators
ObjectivesOutline
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Your First Program in Java: Printing a Line of Text
2.2.1 Compiling the Application2.2.2 Executing the Application
2.3 Modifying Your First Java Program
2.4 Displaying Text with printf
2.5 Another Application: Adding Integers
2.5.1 import Declarations2.5.2 Declaring and Creating a Scanner to Obtain User Input from the Keyboard2.5.3 Prompting the User for Input2.5.4 Declaring a Variable to Store an Integer and Obtaining an Integer from the Keyboard2.5.5 Obtaining a Second Integer2.5.6 Using Variables in a Calculation2.5.7 Displaying the Calculation Result2.5.8 Java API Documentation2.5.9 Declaring and Initializing Variables in Separate Statements
2.6 Memory Concepts
2.7 Arithmetic
2.8 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
2.9 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 2.2 Your First Program in Java: Printing a Line of TextSection 2.2.1 Compiling the ApplicationSection 2.2.2 Executing the ApplicationSection 2.3 Modifying Your First Java ProgramSection 2.4 Displaying Text with printfSection 2.5.1 import DeclarationsSection 2.5.2 Declaring and Creating a Scanner to Obtain User Input from the KeyboardSection 2.5.3 Prompting the User for InputSection 2.5.4 Declaring a Variable to Store an Integer and Obtaining an Integer from the KeyboardSection 2.5.6 Using Variables in a CalculationSection 2.5.7 Displaying the Calculation ResultSection 2.5.9 Declaring and Initializing Variables in Separate StatementsSection 2.6 Memory ConceptsSection 2.7 ArithmeticSection 2.8 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
3 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods and Strings
ObjectivesOutline
3.1 Introduction1
3.2 Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods
3.2.1 Account Class with an Instance Variable, and set and get MethodsClass DeclarationIdentifiers and Camel-Case NamingInstance Variable nameAccess Modifiers public and privatesetName Method of Class AccountParameters Are Local VariablessetName Method BodygetName Method of Class Account3.2.2 AccountTest Class That Creates and Uses an Object of Class AccountDriver Class AccountTestScanner Object for Receiving Input from the UserInstantiating an Object—Keyword new and ConstructorsCalling Class Account’s getName Methodnull—the Default Initial Value for String VariablesCalling Class Account’s setName MethodDisplaying the Name That Was Entered by the User3.2.3 Compiling and Executing an App with Multiple Classes3.2.4 Account UML Class DiagramTop CompartmentMiddle CompartmentBottom CompartmentReturn TypesParameters3.2.5 Additional Notes on Class AccountTeststatic Method mainNotes on import Declarations3.2.6 Software Engineering with private Instance Variables and public set and get MethodsConceptual View of an Account Object with Encapsulated Data
3.3 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors
3.3.1 Declaring an Account Constructor for Custom Object InitializationAccount Constructor DeclarationParameter name of Class Account’s Constructor and Method setName3.3.2 Class AccountTest: Initializing Account Objects When They’re CreatedConstructors Cannot Return ValuesDefault ConstructorThere’s No Default Constructor in a Class That Declares a ConstructorAdding the Constructor to Class Account’s UML Class Diagram
3.4 Account Class with a Balance; Floating-Point Numbers
3.4.1 Account Class with a balance Instance Variable of Type doubleAccount Class Two-Parameter ConstructorAccount Class deposit MethodAccount Class getBalance MethodAccount’s Methods Can All Use balance3.4.2 AccountTest Class to Use Class AccountDisplaying the Account Objects’ Initial BalancesFormatting Floating-Point Numbers for DisplayReading a Floating-Point Value from the User and Making a DepositDuplicated Code in Method mainUML Class Diagram for Class Account
3.5 Primitive Types vs. Reference Types
3.6 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: A Simple GUI
3.6.1 What Is a Graphical User Interface?3.6.2 JavaFX Scene Builder and FXMLFXML (FX Markup Language)3.6.3 Welcome App—Displaying Text and an Image3.6.4 Opening Scene Builder and Creating the File Welcome.fxml3.6.5 Adding an Image to the Folder Containing Welcome.fxml3.6.6 Creating a VBox Layout Container3.6.7 Configuring the VBoxSpecifying the VBox’s AlignmentSpecifying the VBox’s Preferred Size3.6.8 Adding and Configuring a LabelAdding a Label to the VBoxChanging the Label’s TextChanging the Label’s Font3.6.9 Adding and Configuring an ImageViewAdding an ImageView to the VBoxSetting the ImageView’s ImageChanging the ImageView’s Size3.6.10 Previewing the Welcome GUIGUI and Graphics Case Study Exercise
3.7 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 3.2 Instance Variables, set Methods and get MethodsSection 3.2.1 Account Class with an Instance Variable, a set Method and a get MethodSection 3.2.2 AccountTest Class That Creates and Uses an Object of Class AccountSection 3.2.3 Compiling and Executing an App with Multiple ClassesSection 3.2.4 Account UML Class Diagram with an Instance Variable and set and get MethodsSection 3.2.5 Additional Notes on Class AccountTestSection 3.2.6 Software Engineering with private Instance Variables and public set and get MethodsSection 3.3 Account Class: Initializing Objects with ConstructorsSection 3.4 Account Class with a Balance; Floating-Point NumbersSection 3.5 Primitive Types vs. Reference Types
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
4 Control Statements: Part 1; Assignment, ++ and -- Operators
ObjectivesOutline
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Algorithms
4.3 Pseudocode
4.4 Control Structures
4.4.1 Sequence Structure in Java4.4.2 Selection Statements in Java4.4.3 Iteration Statements in Java4.4.4 Summary of Control Statements in Java
4.5 if Single-Selection Statement
4.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement
UML Activity Diagram for an if…else Statement4.6.1 Nested if…else Statements4.6.2 Dangling-else Problem4.6.3 Blocks4.6.4 Conditional Operator (?:)
4.7 Student Class: Nested if…else Statements
4.8 while Iteration Statement
4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Iteration
4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
4.11 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements
4.12 Compound Assignment Operators
4.13 Increment and Decrement Operators
4.14 Primitive Types
4.15 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Event Handling; Drawing Lines
4.15.1 Test-Driving the Completed Draw Lines App4.15.2 Building the App’s GUIOpening Scene Builder and Creating the File DrawLines.fxmlCreating a BorderPane Layout ContainerAdding a ToolBar and Configuring Its ButtonConfiguring the Button’s TextAdding and Configuring a CanvasSetting the Canvas’s Width and HeightConfiguring the BorderPane Layout Container’s SizeSaving the Design4.15.3 Preparing to Interact with the GUI ProgrammaticallySpecifying the App’s Controller ClassSpecifying the Canvas’s Instance Variable NameSpecifying the Button’s Event-Handler MethodGenerating the Initial Controller Class4.15.4 Class DrawLinesController@FXML AnnotationGetting a GraphicsContext to Draw on a CanvasCanvas’s Coordinate SystemDrawing Lines4.15.5 Class DrawLines—The Main Application ClassGUI and Graphics Case Study Exercises
4.16 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 4.1 IntroductionSection 4.2 AlgorithmsSection 4.3 PseudocodeSection 4.4 Control StructuresSection 4.4.1 Sequence Structure in JavaSection 4.4.2 Selection Statements in JavaSection 4.4.3 Iteration Statements in JavaSection 4.4.4 Summary of Control Statements in JavaSection 4.5 if Single-Selection StatementSection 4.6 if…else Double-Selection StatementSection 4.6.1 Nested if…else StatementsSection 4.6.2 Dangling-else ProblemSection 4.6.3 BlocksSection 4.6.4 Conditional Operator (?:)Section 4.8 while Iteration StatementSection 4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled IterationSection 4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled IterationSection 4.12 Compound Assignment OperatorsSection 4.13 Increment and Decrement OperatorsSection 4.14 Primitive Types
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
5 Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators
ObjectivesOutline
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration
5.3 for Iteration Statement
5.4 Examples Using the for Statement
5.4.1 Application: Summing the Even Integers from 2 to 205.4.2 Application: Compound-Interest CalculationsFormatting Strings with Field Widths and JustificationPerforming the Interest Calculations with static Method pow of Class MathFormatting Floating-Point NumbersA Warning about Displaying Rounded Values
5.5 do…while Iteration Statement
5.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
5.7 Class AutoPolicy Case Study: Strings in switch Statements
5.8 break and continue Statements
5.8.1 break Statement5.8.2 continue Statement
5.9 Logical Operators
5.9.1 Conditional AND (&&) Operator5.9.2 Conditional OR (||) Operator5.9.3 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions5.9.4 Boolean Logical AND (&) and Boolean Logical Inclusive OR (|) Operators5.9.5 Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^)5.9.6 Logical Negation (!) Operator5.9.7 Logical Operators ExamplePrecedence and Associativity of the Operators Presented So Far
5.10 Structured-Programming Summary
5.11 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Drawing Rectangles and Ovals
5.12 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled IterationSection 5.3 for Iteration StatementSection 5.4.2 Application: Compound-Interest CalculationsSection 5.5 do…while Iteration StatementSection 5.6 switch Multiple-Selection StatementSection 5.7 Class AutoPolicy Case Study: Strings in switch StatementsSection 5.8.1 break StatementSection 5.8.2 continue StatementSection 5.9 Logical OperatorsSection 5.9.1 Conditional AND (&&) OperatorSection 5.9.2 Conditional OR (||) OperatorSection 5.9.3 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex ConditionsSection 5.9.4 Boolean Logical AND (&) and Boolean Logical Inclusive OR (|) OperatorsSection 5.9.5 Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^)Section 5.9.6 Logical Negation (!) Operator
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
6 Methods: A Deeper Look
ObjectivesOutline
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Program Units in Java
6.3 static Methods, static Fields and Class Math
6.4 Methods with Multiple Parameters
6.5 Notes on Declaring and Using Methods
6.6 Method-Call Stack and Activation Records
6.6.1 Method-Call Stack6.6.2 Stack Frames6.6.3 Local Variables and Stack Frames6.6.4 Stack Overflow
6.7 Argument Promotion and Casting
6.8 Java API Packages
6.9 Case Study: Secure Random-Number Generation
6.10 Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing enum Types
6.11 Scope of Declarations
6.12 Method Overloading
6.12.1 Declaring Overloaded Methods6.12.2 Distinguishing Between Overloaded Methods6.12.3 Return Types of Overloaded Methods
6.13 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Colors and Filled Shapes
6.14 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 6.1 IntroductionSection 6.2 Program Units in JavaSection 6.3 static Methods, static Fields and Class MathSection 6.4 Methods with Multiple ParametersSection 6.5 Notes on Declaring and Using MethodsSection 6.6 Method-Call Stack and Activation RecordsSection 6.7 Argument Promotion and CastingSection 6.9 Case Study: Secure Random-Number GenerationSection 6.10 Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing enum TypesSection 6.11 Scope of DeclarationsSection 6.12 Method Overloading
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
7 Arrays and ArrayLists
ObjectivesOutline
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Arrays
7.3 Declaring and Creating Arrays
7.4 Examples Using Arrays
7.4.1 Creating and Initializing an Array7.4.2 Using an Array Initializer7.4.3 Calculating the Values to Store in an Array7.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array7.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically7.4.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters7.4.7 Using Arrays to Analyze Survey ResultsThe frequency ArraySummarizing the Results
7.5 Exception Handling: Processing the Incorrect Response
7.5.1 The try Statement7.5.2 Executing the catch Block7.5.3 toString Method of the Exception Parameter
7.6 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation
7.7 Enhanced for Statement
7.8 Passing Arrays to Methods
7.9 Pass-By-Value vs. Pass-By-Reference
7.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades
7.11 Multidimensional Arrays
7.11.1 Arrays of One-Dimensional Arrays7.11.2 Two-Dimensional Arrays with Rows of Different Lengths7.11.3 Creating Two-Dimensional Arrays with Array-Creation Expressions7.11.4 Two-Dimensional Array Example: Displaying Element Values7.11.5 Common Multidimensional-Array Manipulations Performed with for Statements
7.12 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array
7.13 Variable-Length Argument Lists
7.14 Using Command-Line Arguments
7.15 Class Arrays
7.16 Introduction to Collections and Class ArrayList
7.17 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Drawing Arcs
7.18 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 7.1 IntroductionSection 7.2 ArraysSection 7.3 Declaring and Creating ArraysSection 7.4 Examples Using ArraysSection 7.5 Exception Handling: Processing the Incorrect ResponseSection 7.6 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing SimulationSection 7.7 Enhanced for StatementSection 7.8 Passing Arrays to MethodsSection 7.9 Pass-By-Value vs. Pass-By-ReferenceSection 7.11 Multidimensional ArraysSection 7.13 Variable-Length Argument ListsSection 7.14 Using Command-Line ArgumentsSection 7.15 Class ArraysSection 7.16 Introduction to Collections and Class ArrayList
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Special Section: Building Your Own Computer
Making a Difference
8 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look
ObjectivesOutline
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Time Class Case Study
8.3 Controlling Access to Members
8.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this Reference
8.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors
8.6 Default and No-Argument Constructors
8.7 Notes on Set and Get Methods
8.8 Composition
8.9 enum Types
8.10 Garbage Collection
8.11 static Class Members
8.12 static Import
8.13 final Instance Variables
8.14 Package Access
8.15 Using BigDecimal for Precise Monetary Calculations
8.16 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Using Objects with Graphics
8.17 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 8.2 Time Class Case StudySection 8.3 Controlling Access to MembersSection 8.4 Referring to the Current Object’s Members with the this ReferenceSection 8.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded ConstructorsSection 8.6 Default and No-Argument ConstructorsSection 8.7 Notes on Set and Get MethodsSection 8.8 CompositionSection 8.9 enum TypesSection 8.10 Garbage CollectionSection 8.11 static Class MembersSection 8.12 static ImportSection 8.13 final Instance VariablesSection 8.14 Package AccessSection 8.15 Using BigDecimal for Precise Monetary Calculations
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
9 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance
ObjectivesOutline
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Superclasses and Subclasses
9.3 protected Members
9.4 Relationship Between Superclasses and Subclasses
9.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee ClassOverview of Class CommissionEmployee’s Methods and Instance VariablesClass CommissionEmployee’s ConstructorClass CommissionEmployee’s earnings MethodClass CommissionEmployee’s toString Method@Override AnnotatonClass CommissionEmployeeTest9.4.2 Creating and Using a BasePlusCommissionEmployee ClassTesting Class BasePlusCommissionEmployeeNotes on Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee9.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance HierarchyA Subclass’s Constructor Must Call Its Superclass’s ConstructorBasePlusCommissionEmployee Methods Earnings and toString9.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance VariablesClass BasePlusCommissionEmployeeA Subclass Object Contains the Instance Variables of All of Its SuperclassesTesting Class BasePlusCommissionEmployeeNotes on Using protected Instance Variables9.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance VariablesClass CommissionEmployeeClass BasePlusCommissionEmployeeClass BasePlusCommissionEmployee’s earnings MethodClass BasePlusCommissionEmployee’s toString MethodTesting Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee
9.5 Constructors in Subclasses
9.6 Class Object
9.7 Designing with Composition vs. Inheritance
9.8 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 9.1 IntroductionSection 9.2 Superclasses and SubclassesSection 9.3 protected MembersSection 9.4 Relationship Between Superclasses and SubclassesSection 9.5 Constructors in SubclassesSection 9.6 Class Object
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
10 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism and Interfaces
ObjectivesOutline
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Polymorphism Examples
10.3 Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior
10.4 Abstract Classes and Methods
10.5 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism
10.5.1 Abstract Superclass Employee10.5.2 Concrete Subclass SalariedEmployee10.5.3 Concrete Subclass HourlyEmployee10.5.4 Concrete Subclass CommissionEmployee10.5.5 Indirect Concrete Subclass BasePlusCommissionEmployee10.5.6 Polymorphic Processing, Operator instanceof and DowncastingCreating the Array of EmployeesPolymorphically Processing EmployeesPerforming Type-Specific Operations on BasePlusCommissionEmployeesCalling earnings PolymorphicallyGetting Each Employee’s Class NameAvoiding Compilation Errors with Downcasting
10.6 Allowed Assignments Between Superclass and Subclass Variables
10.7 final Methods and Classes
10.8 A Deeper Explanation of Issues with Calling Methods from Constructors
10.9 Creating and Using Interfaces
10.9.1 Developing a Payable HierarchyUML Diagram Containing an Interface10.9.2 Interface Payable10.9.3 Class InvoiceA Class Can Extend Only One Other Class But Can Implement Many Interfaces10.9.4 Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface PayableSubclasses of Employee and Interface Payable10.9.5 Using Interface Payable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically10.9.6 Some Common Interfaces of the Java API
10.10 Java SE 8 Interface Enhancements
10.10.1 default Interface MethodsAdding Methods to Existing InterfacesInterfaces vs. abstract Classes10.10.2 static Interface Methods10.10.3 Functional Interfaces
10.11 Java SE 9 private Interface Methods
10.12 private Constructors
10.13 Program to an Interface, Not an Implementation3
10.13.1 Implementation Inheritance Is Best for Small Numbers of Tightly Coupled Classes10.13.2 Interface Inheritance Is Best for Flexibility10.13.3 Rethinking the Employee HierarchyFlexibility if Compensation Models ChangeFlexibility if Employees Are PromotedFlexibility if Employees Acquire New Capabilities
10.14 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Drawing with Polymorphism
10.15 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 10.1 IntroductionSection 10.3 Demonstrating Polymorphic BehaviorSection 10.4 Abstract Classes and MethodsSection 10.5 Case Study: Payroll System Using PolymorphismSection 10.6 Allowed Assignments Between Superclass and Subclass VariablesSection 10.7 final Methods and ClassesSection 10.8 A Deeper Explanation of Issues with Calling Methods from ConstructorsSection 10.9 Creating and Using InterfacesSection 10.10 Java SE 8 Interface EnhancementsSection 10.11 Java SE 9 private Interface MethodsSection 10.12 private ConstructorsSection 10.13 Program to an Interface, Not an Implementation
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
11 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look
ObjectivesOutline
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling
11.3 Example: Handling ArithmeticExceptions and InputMismatchExceptions
11.4 When to Use Exception Handling
11.5 Java Exception Hierarchy
11.6 finally Block
11.7 Stack Unwinding and Obtaining Information from an Exception
11.8 Chained Exceptions
11.9 Declaring New Exception Types
11.10 Preconditions and Postconditions
11.11 Assertions
11.12 try-with-Resources: Automatic Resource Deallocation
11.13 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 11.1 IntroductionSection 11.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception HandlingSection 11.3 Example: Handling ArithmeticExceptions and InputMismatchExceptionsSection 11.4 When to Use Exception HandlingSection 11.5 Java Exception HierarchySection 11.6 finally BlockSection 11.7 Stack Unwinding and Obtaining Information from an ExceptionSection 11.8 Chained ExceptionsSection 11.9 Declaring New Exception TypesSection 11.10 Preconditions and PostconditionsSection 11.11 AssertionsSection 11.12 try-with-Resources: Automatic Resource Deallocation
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
12 JavaFX Graphical User Interfaces: Part 1
ObjectivesOutline
12.1 Introduction
12.2 JavaFX Scene Builder
12.3 JavaFX App Window Structure
12.4 Welcome App—Displaying Text and an Image
12.4.1 Opening Scene Builder and Creating the File Welcome.fxml12.4.2 Adding an Image to the Folder Containing Welcome.fxml12.4.3 Creating a VBox Layout Container12.4.4 Configuring the VBox Layout ContainerSpecifying the VBox’s AlignmentSpecifying the VBox’s Preferred Size12.4.5 Adding and Configuring a LabelAdding a Label to the VBoxChanging the Label’s TextChanging the Label’s Font12.4.6 Adding and Configuring an ImageViewAdding an ImageView to the VBoxSetting the ImageView’s ImageChanging the ImageView’s Size12.4.7 Previewing the Welcome GUI
12.5 Tip Calculator App—Introduction to Event Handling
12.5.1 Test-Driving the Tip Calculator AppEntering a Bill TotalSelecting a Custom Tip Percentage12.5.2 Technologies OverviewClass ApplicationArranging JavaFX Components with a GridPaneCreating and Customizing the GUI with Scene BuilderFormatting Numbers as Locale-Specific Currency and Percentage StringsEvent HandlingImplementing Interface ChangeListener for Handling Slider Thumb Position ChangesModel-View-Controller (MVC) ArchitectureFXMLLoader Class12.5.3 Building the App’s GUIfx:id Property Values for This App’s ControlsCreating the TipCalculator.fxml FileStep 1: Adding a GridPaneStep 2: Adding Rows to the GridPaneStep 3: Adding the Controls to the GridPaneStep 4: Sizing the GridPane to Fit Its ContentsStep 5: Right-Aligning GridPane Column 0’s ContentsStep 6: Sizing the GridPane Columns to Fit Their ContentsStep 7: Sizing the ButtonPreviewing the GUIStep 8: Configuring the GridPane’s Padding and Horizontal Gap Between Its ColumnsStep 9: Making the tipTextField and totalTextField Uneditable and Not FocusableStep 10: Setting the Slider’s PropertiesPreviewing the Final LayoutSpecifying the Controller Class’s NameSpecifying the Calculate Button’s Event-Handler Method NameGenerating a Sample Controller Class12.5.4 TipCalculator ClassOverridden Application Method startCreating the Scene12.5.5 TipCalculatorController ClassClass TipCalculatorController’s import StatementsTipCalculatorController’s static Variables and Instance Variables@FXML AnnotationTipCalculatorController’s calculateButtonPressed Event HandlerRegistering the Calculate Button’s Event HandlerCalculating and Displaying the Tip and Total AmountsTipCalculatorController’s initalize MethodUsing an Anonymous Inner Class for Event HandlingAnonymous Inner Class NotesJava SE 8: Using a Lambda to Implement the ChangeListener
12.6 Features Covered in the Other JavaFX Chapters
12.7 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 12.1 IntroductionSection 12.2 JavaFX Scene BuilderSection 12.3 JavaFX App Window StructureSection 12.4 Welcome App—Displaying Text and an ImageSection 12.5.2 Technologies OverviewSection 12.5.3 Building the App’s GUISection 12.5.4 TipCalculator ClassSection 12.5.5 TipCalculatorController Class
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
13 JavaFX GUI: Part 2
ObjectivesOutline
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Laying Out Nodes in a Scene Graph
13.3 Painter App: RadioButtons, Mouse Events and Shapes
13.3.1 Technologies OverviewRadioButtons and ToggleGroupsBorderPane Layout ContainerTitledPane Layout ContainerJavaFX ShapesPane Layout ContainerMouse Event HandlingSetting a Control’s User Data13.3.2 Creating the Painter.fxml File13.3.3 Building the GUIfx:id Property Values for This App’s ControlsStep 1: Adding a BorderPane as the Root Layout NodeStep 2: Configuring the BorderPaneStep 3: Adding the VBox and PaneStep 4: Adding the TitledPanes to the VBoxStep 5: Customizing the TitledPanesStep 6: Adding the RadioButtons to the VBoxStep 7: Specifying the ToggleGroups for the RadioButtonsStep 8: Changing the TitledPanes’ Preferred Width and HeightStep 9: Adding the ButtonsStep 10: Setting the Width the VBoxStep 11: Specifying the Controller Class’s NameStep 12: Specifying the Event-Handler Method NamesStep 13: Generating a Sample Controller Class13.3.4 Painter Subclass of Application13.3.5 PainterController ClassPenSize enumInstance VariablesMethod initializedrawingAreaMouseDragged Event HandlercolorRadioButtonSelected Event HandlersizeRadioButtonSelected Event HandlerundoButtonPressed Event HandlerclearButtonPressed Event Handler
13.4 Color Chooser App: Property Bindings and Property Listeners
13.4.1 Technologies OverviewRGBA ColorsProperties of a ClassProperty BindingsProperty Listeners13.4.2 Building the GUIfx:id Property Values for This App’s ControlsStep 1: Adding a GridPaneStep 2: Configuring the GridPaneStep 3: Adding the ControlsStep 4: Configuring the SlidersStep 5: Configuring the TextFieldsStep 6: Configuring the RectangleStep 7: Configuring the CircleStep 8: Configuring the RowsStep 9: Configuring the ColumnsStep 10: Configuring the GridPaneStep 11: Specifying the Controller Class’s NameStep 12: Generating a Sample Controller Class13.4.3 ColorChooser Subclass of Application13.4.4 ColorChooserController ClassInstance VariablesMethod initializeProperty-to-Property BindingsProperty Listeners
13.5 Cover Viewer App: Data-Driven GUIs with JavaFX Collections
13.5.1 Technologies Overview13.5.2 Adding Images to the App’s Folder13.5.3 Building the GUIfx:id Property Values for This App’s ControlsAdding and Configuring the ControlsSpecifying the Controller Class’s NameGenerating a Sample Controller Class13.5.4 CoverViewer Subclass of Application13.5.5 CoverViewerController Class@FXML Instance VariablesInstance Variable booksInitializing the books ObservableListListening for ListView Selection Changes
13.6 Cover Viewer App: Customizing ListView Cells
13.6.1 Technologies OverviewListCell Generic Class for Custom ListView Cell FormatsProgrammatically Creating Layouts and Controls13.6.2 Copying the CoverViewer App13.6.3 ImageTextCell Custom Cell Factory ClassConstructorMethod updateItem13.6.4 CoverViewerController Class
13.7 Additional JavaFX Capabilities
13.8 JavaFX 9: Java SE 9 JavaFX Updates
13.9 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 13.2 Laying Out Nodes in a Scene GraphSection 13.3.1 Technologies OverviewSection 13.3.2 Creating the Painter.fxml FileSection 13.3.3 Building the GUISection 13.3.5 PainterController ClassSection 13.4.1 Technologies OverviewSection 13.4.2 Building the GUISection 13.4.4 ColorChooserController ClassSection 13.5 Cover Viewer App: Data-Driven GUIs with JavaFX CollectionsSection 13.5.1 Technologies OverviewSection 13.5.5 CoverViewerController ClassSection 13.6.1 Technologies OverviewSection 13.6.3 ImageTextCell Custom Cell Factory ClassSection 13.6.4 CoverViewerController ClassSection 13.7 Additional JavaFX CapabilitiesSection 13.8 JavaFX 9: Java SE 9 JavaFX Updates
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
(Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study Exercise: Interactive Polymorphic Drawing App
14 Strings, Characters and Regular Expressions
ObjectivesOutline
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings
14.3 Class String
14.3.1 String Constructors14.3.2 String Methods length, charAt and getChars14.3.3 Comparing StringsString Method equalsComparing Strings with the == OperatorString Method equalsIgnoreCaseString Method compareToString Method regionMatchesString Methods startsWith and endsWith14.3.4 Locating Characters and Substrings in Strings14.3.5 Extracting Substrings from Strings14.3.6 Concatenating Strings14.3.7 Miscellaneous String Methods14.3.8 String Method valueOf
14.4 Class StringBuilder
14.4.1 StringBuilder Constructors14.4.2 StringBuilder Methods length, capacity, setLength and ensureCapacity14.4.3 StringBuilder Methods charAt, setCharAt, getChars and reverse14.4.4 StringBuilder append Methods14.4.5 StringBuilder Insertion and Deletion Methods
14.5 Class Character
14.6 Tokenizing Strings
14.7 Regular Expressions, Class Pattern and Class Matcher
14.7.1 Replacing Substrings and Splitting Strings14.7.2 Classes Pattern and MatcherJava SE 8Java SE 9: New Matcher Methods
14.8 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 14.2 Fundamentals of Characters and StringsSection 14.3 Class StringSection 14.4 Class StringBuilderSection 14.5 Class CharacterSection 14.6 Tokenizing StringsSection 14.7 Regular Expressions, Class Pattern and Class Matcher
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Special Section: String-Manipulation Exercises
Special Section: Challenging String-Manipulation Projects
Making a Difference
15 Files, Input/Output Streams, NIO and XML Serialization
ObjectivesOutline
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Files and Streams
15.3 Using NIO Classes and Interfaces to Get File and Directory Information
15.4 Sequential Text Files
15.4.1 Creating a Sequential Text FileClass CreateTextFileWriting Data to the FileSample Output15.4.2 Reading Data from a Sequential Text File15.4.3 Case Study: A Credit-Inquiry ProgramMenuOption enumCreditInquiry Class15.4.4 Updating Sequential Files
15.5 XML Serialization
15.5.1 Creating a Sequential File Using XML SerializationDeclaring Class AccountPlain Old Java ObjectsDeclaring Class AccountsWriting XML Serialized Objects to a FileThe XML Output15.5.2 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Sequential File
15.6 FileChooser and DirectoryChooser Dialogs
15.7 (Optional) Additional java.io Classes
15.7.1 Interfaces and Classes for Byte-Based Input and OutputPipe StreamsFilter StreamsData StreamsBuffered StreamsMemory-Based byte Array SteamsSequencing Input from Multiple Streams15.7.2 Interfaces and Classes for Character-Based Input and OutputCharacter-Based Buffering Readers and WritersMemory-Based char Array Readers and WritersCharacter-Based File, Pipe and String Readers and Writers
15.8 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 15.1 IntroductionSection 15.2 Files and StreamsSection 15.3 Using NIO Classes and Interfaces to Get File and Directory InformationSection 15.4 Sequential Text FilesSection 15.5 XML SerializationSection 15.5.1 Creating a Sequential File Using XML SerializationSection 15.5.2 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Sequential FileSection 15.6 FileChooser and DirectoryChooser DialogsSection 15.7 (Optional) Additional java.io Classes
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
16 Generic Collections
ObjectivesOutline
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Collections Overview
16.3 Type-Wrapper Classes
16.4 Autoboxing and Auto-Unboxing
16.5 Interface Collection and Class Collections
16.6 Lists
16.6.1 ArrayList and IteratorType Inference with the <> Notation16.6.2 LinkedListMethod convertToUppercaseStringsMethod removeItemsMethod printReversedListViews into Collections and Arrays Method asListViewing Arrays as Lists and Converting Lists to Arrays
16.7 Collections Methods
16.7.1 Method sortSorting in Ascending OrderSorting in Descending OrderSorting with a Comparator16.7.2 Method shuffle16.7.3 Methods reverse, fill, copy, max and min16.7.4 Method binarySearch16.7.5 Methods addAll, frequency and disjoint
16.8 Class PriorityQueue and Interface Queue
16.9 Sets
16.10 Maps
16.11 Synchronized Collections
16.12 Unmodifiable Collections
16.13 Abstract Implementations
16.14 Java SE 9: Convenience Factory Methods for Immutable Collections1
16.15 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 16.1 IntroductionSection 16.2 Collections OverviewSection 16.3 Type-Wrapper ClassesSection 16.4 Autoboxing and Auto-UnboxingSection 16.5 Interface Collection and Class CollectionsSection 16.6 ListsSection 16.7 Collections MethodsSection 16.8 Class PriorityQueue and Interface QueueSection 16.9 SetsSection 16.10 MapsSection 16.11 Synchronized CollectionsSection 16.12 Unmodifiable CollectionsSection 16.13 Abstract ImplementationsSection 16.14 Java SE 9: Convenience Factory Methods for Immutable Collections
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
17 Lambdas and Streams
ObjectivesOutline
17.1 Introduction1
17.2 Streams and Reduction
17.2.1 Summing the Integers from 1 through 10 with a for Loop17.2.2 External Iteration with for Is Error Prone17.2.3 Summing with a Stream and ReductionStreams and Stream PipelinesSpecifying the Data SourceCalculating the Sum of the IntStream’s ElementsProcessing the Stream Pipeline17.2.4 Internal Iteration
17.3 Mapping and Lambdas
17.3.1 Lambda Expressions17.3.2 Lambda SyntaxEliminating a Lambda’s Parameter Type(s)Simplifying the Lambda’s BodySimplifying the Lambda’s Parameter ListLambdas with Empty Parameter ListsMethod References17.3.3 Intermediate and Terminal OperationsLazy and Eager Operations
17.4 Filtering
17.5 How Elements Move Through Stream Pipelines
17.6 Method References
17.6.1 Creating an IntStream of Random Values17.6.2 Performing a Task on Each Stream Element with forEach and a Method Reference17.6.3 Mapping Integers to String Objects with mapToObj17.6.4 Concatenating Strings with collect
17.7 IntStream Operations
17.7.1 Creating an IntStream and Displaying Its Values17.7.2 Terminal Operations count, min, max, sum and average17.7.3 Terminal Operation reduceCalculating the Product of the Values with Method reduceSumming the Squares of the Values17.7.4 Sorting IntStream Values
17.8 Functional Interfaces
17.9 Lambdas: A Deeper Look
17.10 Stream<Integer> Manipulations
17.10.1 Creating a Stream<Integer>17.10.2 Sorting a Stream and Collecting the ResultsCreating a New Collection Containing a Stream Pipeline’s Results17.10.3 Filtering a Stream and Storing the Results for Later Use17.10.4 Filtering and Sorting a Stream and Collecting the Results17.10.5 Sorting Previously Collected Results
17.11 Stream<String> Manipulations
17.11.1 Mapping Strings to Uppercase17.11.2 Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive Ascending Order17.11.3 Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive Descending Order
17.12 Stream<Employee> Manipulations
17.12.1 Creating and Displaying a List<Employee>Java SE 9: Creating an Immutable List<Employee> with List Method of17.12.2 Filtering Employees with Salaries in a Specified RangeShort-Circuit Stream Pipeline Processing17.12.3 Sorting Employees By Multiple FieldsAside: Composing Lambda Expressions17.12.4 Mapping Employees to Unique-Last-Name Strings17.12.5 Grouping Employees By Department17.12.6 Counting the Number of Employees in Each Department17.12.7 Summing and Averaging Employee Salaries
17.13 Creating a Stream<String> from a File
17.14 Streams of Random Values
17.15 Infinite Streams
17.16 Lambda Event Handlers
17.17 Additional Notes on Java SE 8 Interfaces
17.18 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 17.1 IntroductionSection 17.2 Streams and ReductionSection 17.2.1 Summing the Integers from 1 through 10 with a for LoopSection 17.2.2 External Iteration with for Is Error ProneSection 17.2.3 Summing with a Stream and ReductionSection 17.2.4 Internal IterationSection 17.3 Mapping and LambdasSection 17.3.1 Lambda ExpressionsSection 17.3.2 Lambda SyntaxSection 17.3.3 Intermediate and Terminal OperationsSection 17.4 FilteringSection 17.5 How Elements Move Through Stream PipelinesSection 17.6 Method ReferencesSection 17.6.1 Creating an IntStream of Random ValuesSection 17.6.2 Performing a Task on Each Stream Element with forEach and a Method ReferenceSection 17.6.3 Mapping Integers to String Objects with mapToObjSection 17.6.4 Concatenating Strings with collectSection 17.7 IntStream OperationsSection 17.7.1 Creating an IntStream and Displaying Its ValuesSection 17.7.2 Terminal Operations count, min, max, sum and averageSection 17.7.3 Terminal Operation reduceSection 17.7.4 Sorting IntStream ValuesSection 17.8 Functional InterfacesSection 17.9 Lambdas: A Deeper LookSection 17.10 Stream<Integer> ManipulationsSection 17.10.1 Creating a Stream<Integer>Section 17.10.2 Sorting a Stream and Collecting the ResultsSection 17.10.3 Filtering a Stream and Storing the Results for Later UseSection 17.10.5 Sorting Previously Collected ResultsSection 17.11.1 Mapping Strings to UppercaseSection 17.11.2 Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive Ascending OrderSection 17.11.3 Filtering Strings Then Sorting Them in Case-Insensitive Descending OrderSection 17.12.1 Creating and Displaying a List<Employee>Section 17.12.2 Filtering Employees with Salaries in a Specified RangeSection 17.12.3 Sorting Employees By Multiple FieldsSection 17.12.4 Mapping Employees to Unique Last Name StringsSection 17.12.5 Grouping Employees By DepartmentSection 17.12.6 Counting the Number of Employees in Each DepartmentSection 17.12.7 Summing and Averaging Employee SalariesSection 17.13 Creating a Stream<String> from a FileSection 17.14 Streams of Random ValuesSection 17.15 Infinite StreamsSection 17.16 Lambda Event HandlersSection 17.17 Additional Notes on Java SE 8 Interfaces
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
18 Recursion
ObjectivesOutline
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Recursion Concepts
18.3 Example Using Recursion: Factorials
18.4 Reimplementing Class FactorialCalculator Using BigInteger
18.5 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series
18.6 Recursion and the Method-Call Stack
18.7 Recursion vs. Iteration
18.8 Towers of Hanoi
18.9 Fractals
18.9.1 Koch Curve Fractal18.9.2 (Optional) Case Study: Lo Feather Fractal18.9.3 (Optional) Fractal App GUIToolBar and Its Additional ControlsColorPickerEvent Handlers18.9.4 (Optional) FractalController ClassFractalController Fieldsinitialize MethodcolorSelected Event HandlerdecreaseLevelButtonPressed and increaseLevelButtonPressed Event HandlersdrawFractal Method with No ArgumentsdrawFractal Method with Five Arguments
18.10 Recursive Backtracking
18.11 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 18.1 IntroductionSection 18.2 Recursion ConceptsSection 18.3 Example Using Recursion: FactorialsSection 18.5 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci SeriesSection 18.6 Recursion and the Method-Call StackSection 18.7 Recursion vs. IterationSection 18.9 FractalsSection 18.10 Recursive Backtracking
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Lambdas and Streams Exercises
19 Searching, Sorting and Big O
ObjectivesOutline
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Linear Search
19.3 Big O Notation
19.3.1 O(1) Algorithms19.3.2 O(n) Algorithms19.3.3 O(n2) Algorithms19.3.4 Big O of the Linear Search
19.4 Binary Search
19.4.1 Binary Search Implementation19.4.2 Efficiency of the Binary Search
19.5 Sorting Algorithms
19.6 Selection Sort
19.6.1 Selection Sort ImplementationMethods selectionSort and swapMethods printPass19.6.2 Efficiency of the Selection Sort
19.7 Insertion Sort
19.7.1 Insertion Sort ImplementationMethod insertionSortMethod printPass19.7.2 Efficiency of the Insertion Sort
19.8 Merge Sort
19.8.1 Merge Sort ImplementationMethod mergeSortRecursive Method sortArrayMethod merge19.8.2 Efficiency of the Merge Sort
19.9 Big O Summary for This Chapter’s Searching and Sorting Algorithms
19.10 Massive Parallelism and Parallel Algorithms
19.11 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 19.1 IntroductionSection 19.2 Linear SearchSection 19.3 Big O NotationSection 19.4 Binary SearchSection 19.6 Selection SortSection 19.7 Insertion SortSection 19.8 Merge Sort
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
20 Generic Classes and Methods: A Deeper Look
ObjectivesOutline
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Motivation for Generic Methods
20.3 Generic Methods: Implementation and Compile-Time Translation
20.4 Additional Compile-Time Translation Issues: Methods That Use a Type Parameter as the Return Type
20.5 Overloading Generic Methods
20.6 Generic Classes
20.7 Wildcards in Methods That Accept Type Parameters
20.8 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 20.1 IntroductionSection 20.2 Motivation for Generic MethodsSection 20.3 Generic Methods: Implementation and Compile-Time TranslationSection 20.4 Additional Compile-Time Translation Issues: Methods That Use a Type Parameter as the Return TypeSection 20.5 Overloading Generic MethodsSection 20.6 Generic ClassesSection 20.7 Wildcards in Methods That Accept Type Parameters
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
21 Custom Generic Data Structures
ObjectivesOutline
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Self-Referential Classes
21.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation
21.4 Linked Lists
21.4.1 Singly Linked Lists21.4.2 Implementing a Generic List Class21.4.3 Generic Classes ListNode and List21.4.4 Class ListTest21.4.5 List Method insertAtFront21.4.6 List Method insertAtBack21.4.7 List Method removeFromFront21.4.8 List Method removeFromBack21.4.9 List Method print21.4.10 Creating Your Own PackagesSteps for Declaring a Reusable ClassStep 1: Creating public Types for ReuseStep 2: Adding the package StatementsPackage Naming ConventionsFully Qualified NamesStep 3: Compiling Packaged TypesStep 4: Importing Types from Your PackageSingle-Type-Import vs. Type-Import-On-Demand DeclarationsSpecifying the Classpath When Compiling a ProgramSpecifying the Classpath When Executing a Program
21.5 Stacks
21.6 Queues
21.7 Trees
21.8 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 21.1 IntroductionSection 21.2 Self-Referential ClassesSection 21.3 Dynamic Memory AllocationSection 21.4 Linked ListsSection 21.5 StacksSection 21.6 QueuesSection 21.7 Trees
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Special Section: Building Your Own Compiler
First PassSecond PassA Complete ExampleA Step-by-Step View of the Compilation Process
22 JavaFX Graphics and Multimedia
ObjectivesOutline
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Controlling Fonts with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
22.2.1 CSS That Styles the GUI.vbox CSS Rule—Style Class Selectors#label1 CSS Rule—ID Selectors#label2 CSS Rule#label3 CSS Rule#label4 CSS Rule#label5 CSS Rule#label5 .text CSS Rule22.2.2 FXML That Defines the GUI—Introduction to XML Markup2XML DeclarationAttributesCommentsFXML import DeclarationsElementsXML Namespaces22.2.3 Referencing the CSS File from FXML22.2.4 Specifying the VBox’s Style Class22.2.5 Programmatically Loading CSS
22.3 Displaying Two-Dimensional Shapes
22.3.1 Defining Two-Dimensional Shapes with FXMLLine ObjectsRectangle ObjectCircle ObjectEllipse ObjectArc Object22.3.2 CSS That Styles the Two-Dimensional ShapesSpecifying Common Attributes for Various ObjectsStyling the LinesStyling the RectangleStyling the CircleStyling the EllipseStyling the Arc
22.4 Polylines, Polygons and Paths
22.4.1 GUI and CSS22.4.2 PolyShapesController ClassMethod initializeMethod drawingAreaMouseClickedMethod shapeRadioButtonSelectedMethod displayShapeMethod clearButtonPressed
22.5 Transforms
22.6 Playing Video with Media, MediaPlayer and MediaViewer
22.6.1 VideoPlayer GUI22.6.2 VideoPlayerController ClassInstance VariablesCreating a Media Object Representing the Video to PlayCreating a MediaPlayer Object to Load the Video and Control PlaybackAttaching the MediaPlayer Object to the MediaView to Display the VideoConfiguring Event Handlers for MediaPlayer EventsBinding the MediaViewer’s Size to the Scene’s SizeMethod playPauseButtonPressed Using Java SE 8 Lambdas to Implement the Runnables
22.7 Transition Animations
22.7.1 TransitionAnimations.fxml22.7.2 TransitionAnimationsController ClassFillTransitionStrokeTransitionParallelTransitionFadeTransitionRotateTransitionPathTransitionScaleTransitionSequentialTransition
22.8 Timeline Animations
22.9 Frame-by-Frame Animation with AnimationTimer
22.10 Drawing on a Canvas
22.11 Three-Dimensional Shapes
22.12 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 22.2 Controlling Fonts with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)Section 22.2.1 CSS That Styles the GUISection 22.2.2 FXML That Defines the GUI—Introduction to XML MarkupSection 22.2.3 Referencing the CSS File from FXMLSection 22.2.4 Specifying the VBox’s Style ClassSection 22.2.5 Programmatically Loading CSSSection 22.3 Displaying Two-Dimensional ShapesSection 22.3.1 Defining Two-Dimensional Shapes with FXMLSection 22.3.2 CSS That Styles the Two-Dimensional ShapesSection 22.4 Polylines, Polygons and PathsSection 22.4.2 PolyshapesController ClassSection 22.5 TransformsSection 22.6 Playing Video with Media, MediaPlayer and MediaViewerSection 22.6.1 VideoPlayer GUISection 22.6.2 VideoPlayerController ClassSection 22.7 Transition AnimationsSection 22.7.2 TransitionAnimationsController ClassSection 22.8 Timeline AnimationsSection 22.9 Frame-By-Frame Animation with AnimationTimerSection 22.10 Drawing on a CanvasSection 22.11 Three-Dimensional Shapes
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Project Exercises
23 Concurrency
ObjectivesOutline
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Thread States and Life Cycle
23.2.1 New and Runnable States23.2.2 Waiting State23.2.3 Timed Waiting State23.2.4 Blocked State23.2.5 Terminated State23.2.6 Operating-System View of the Runnable State23.2.7 Thread Priorities and Thread Scheduling23.2.8 Indefinite Postponement and Deadlock
23.3 Creating and Executing Threads with the Executor Framework
23.4 Thread Synchronization
23.4.1 Immutable Data23.4.2 Monitors23.4.3 Unsynchronized Mutable Data SharingClass SimpleArrayClass ArrayWriterClass SharedArrayTestExecutorService Method awaitTerminationSample Program Output23.4.4 Synchronized Mutable Data Sharing—Making Operations AtomicClass SimpleArray with Synchronization
23.5 Producer/Consumer Relationship without Synchronization
23.6 Producer/Consumer Relationship: ArrayBlockingQueue
23.7 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship with synchronized, wait, notify and notifyAll
23.8 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: Bounded Buffers
23.9 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: The Lock and Condition Interfaces
23.10 Concurrent Collections
23.11 Multithreading in JavaFX
23.11.1 Performing Computations in a Worker Thread: Fibonacci NumbersCreating a TaskFibonacciNumbers GUIClass FibonacciNumbersControllerMethod goButtonPressedMethod nextNumberButtonPressed23.11.2 Processing Intermediate Results: Sieve of EratosthenesA Task to Find Prime NumbersConstructorSieve of EratosthenesOverridden Task Method callFindPrimes GUIClass FindPrimesControllerMethod getPrimesButtonPressedMethod cancelButtonPressed
23.12 sort/parallelSort Timings with the Java SE 8 Date/Time API
23.13 Java SE 8: Sequential vs. Parallel Streams
23.14 (Advanced) Interfaces Callable and Future
23.15 (Advanced) Fork/Join Framework
23.16 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 23.1 IntroductionSection 23.2 Thread States and Life CycleSection 23.3 Creating and Executing Threads with the Executor FrameworkSection 23.4 Thread SynchronizationSection 23.5 Producer/Consumer Relationship without SynchronizationSection 23.6 Producer/Consumer Relationship: ArrayBlockingQueueSection 23.7 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship with synchronized, wait, notify and notifyAllSection 23.8 (Advanced) Producer/Consumer Relationship: Bounded BuffersSection 23.10 Concurrent CollectionsSection 23.11 Multithreading in JavaFXSection 23.11.1 Performing Computations in a Worker Thread: Fibonacci NumbersSection 23.11.2 Processing Intermediate Results: Sieve of EratosthenesSection 23.12 sort/parallelSort Timings with the Java SE 8 Date/Time APISection 23.13 Java SE 8: Sequential vs. Parallel StreamsSection 23.14 (Advanced) Interfaces Callable and FutureSection 23.15 (Advanced) Fork/Join Framework
Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Exercises
Parallel StreamsParallel Sorting and Searching Projects
24 Accessing Databases with JDBC
ObjectivesOutline
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Relational Databases
24.3 A books Database
24.4 SQL
24.4.1 Basic SELECT Query24.4.2 WHERE ClausePattern Matching: Zero or More CharactersPattern Matching: Any Character24.4.3 ORDER BY ClauseSorting in Descending OrderSorting By Multiple ColumnsCombining the WHERE and ORDER BY Clauses24.4.4 Merging Data from Multiple Tables: INNER JOIN24.4.5 INSERT Statement24.4.6 UPDATE Statement24.4.7 DELETE Statement
24.5 Setting Up a Java DB Database 1
24.5.1 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on Windows24.5.2 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on macOS24.5.3 Creating the Chapter’s Databases on Linux
24.6 Connecting to and Querying a Database
24.6.1 Automatic Driver Discovery24.6.2 Connecting to the Database24.6.3 Creating a Statement for Executing Queries24.6.4 Executing a Query24.6.5 Processing a Query’s ResultSet
24.7 Querying the books Database
24.7.1 ResultSetTableModel ClassResultSetTableModel ConstructorResultSetTableModel Method getColumnClassResultSetTableModel Method getColumnCountResultSetTableModel Method getColumnNameResultSetTableModel Method getRowCountResultSetTableModel Method getValueAtResultSetTableModel Method setQueryResultSetTableModel Method disconnectFromDatabase24.7.2 DisplayQueryResults App’s GUI24.7.3 DisplayQueryResultsController Classstatic FieldsMethod initializeMethod submitQueryButtonPressedMethod applyFilterButtonPressedMethod displayAlert
24.8 RowSet Interface
24.9 PreparedStatements
24.9.1 AddressBook App That Uses PreparedStatements24.9.2 Class Person24.9.3 Class PersonQueriesCreating PreparedStatementsPersonQueries Method getAllPeoplePersonQueries Method getPeopleByLastNamePersonQueries Methods addPerson and Close24.9.4 AddressBook GUI24.9.5 Class AddressBookControllerInstance VariablesMethod initializeMethods getAllEntries and selectFirstEntryMethod displayContactMethod addEntryButtonPressedMethod findButtonPressedMethod browseAllButtonPressed
24.10 Stored Procedures
24.11 Transaction Processing
24.12 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 24.1 IntroductionSection 24.2 Relational DatabasesSection 24.3 A books DatabaseSection 24.4.1 Basic SELECT QuerySection 24.4.2 WHERE ClauseSection 24.4.3 ORDER BY ClauseSection 24.4.4 Merging Data from Multiple Tables: INNER JOINSection 24.4.5 INSERT StatementSection 24.4.6 UPDATE StatementSection 24.4.7 DELETE StatementSection 24.5 Setting Up a Java DB DatabaseSection 24.6 Connecting to and Querying a DatabaseSection 24.7 Querying the books DatabaseSection 24.8 RowSet InterfaceSection 24.9 PreparedStatementsSection 24.10 Stored ProceduresSection 24.11 Transaction Processing
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercise
Exercises
25 Introduction to JShell: Java 9’s REPL for Interactive Java
ObjectivesOutline
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Installing JDK 9
25.3 Introduction to JShell
25.3.1 Starting a JShell Session25.3.2 Executing Statements25.3.3 Declaring Variables ExplicitlyCompilation Errors in JShellFixing the ErrorRecalling and Re-executing a Previous Snippet25.3.4 Listing and Executing Prior SnippetsExecuting Snippets By ID Number25.3.5 Evaluating Expressions and Declaring Variables Implicitly25.3.6 Using Implicitly Declared Variables25.3.7 Viewing a Variable’s Value25.3.8 Resetting a JShell Session25.3.9 Writing Multiline Statements25.3.10 Editing Code SnippetsEditing a Single-Line SnippetEditing a Multiline SnippetAdding a New Snippet Via JShell Edit PadExecuting the New if Statement Again25.3.11 Exiting JShell
25.4 Command-Line Input in JShell
25.5 Declaring and Using Classes
25.5.1 Creating a Class in JShellViewing Declared Classes25.5.2 Explicitly Declaring Reference-Type Variables25.5.3 Creating ObjectsDeclaring an Implicit Account Variable Initialized with an Account ObjectViewing Declared Variables25.5.4 Manipulating ObjectsUsing the Return Value of a Method in a Statement25.5.5 Creating a Meaningful Variable Name for an Expression25.5.6 Saving and Opening Code-Snippet FilesSaving Snippets to a FileLoading Snippets from a FileUsing /open to Load Java Source-Code Files
25.6 Discovery with JShell Auto-Completion
25.6.1 Auto-Completing Identifiers25.6.2 Auto-Completing JShell Commands
25.7 Exploring a Class’s Members and Viewing Documentation
25.7.1 Listing Class Math’s static Members25.7.2 Viewing a Method’s Parameters25.7.3 Viewing a Method’s Documentation25.7.4 Viewing a public Field’s Documentation25.7.5 Viewing a Class’s Documentation25.7.6 Viewing Method Overloads25.7.7 Exploring Members of a Specific ObjectExploring toUpperCaseExploring substring
25.8 Declaring Methods
25.8.1 Forward Referencing an Undeclared Method—Declaring Method displayCubes25.8.2 Declaring a Previously Undeclared Method25.8.3 Testing cube and Replacing Its Declaration25.8.4 Testing Updated Method cube and Method displayCubes
25.9 Exceptions
25.10 Importing Classes and Adding Packages to the CLASSPATH
25.11 Using an External Editor
25.12 Summary of JShell Commands
25.12.1 Getting Help in JShell25.12.2 /edit Command: Additional Features25.12.3 /reload Command25.12.4 /drop Command25.12.5 Feedback ModesFeedback Mode verboseFeedback Mode conciseFeedback Mode silent25.12.6 Other JShell Features Configurable with /setCustomizing JShell Startup
25.13 Keyboard Shortcuts for Snippet Editing
25.14 How JShell Reinterprets Java for Interactive Use
25.15 IDE JShell Support
25.16 Wrap-Up
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Chapters on the Web
A Operator Precedence Chart
B ASCII Character Set
C Keywords and Reserved Words
D Primitive Types
Notes
E Using the Debugger
ObjectivesOutline
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, cont and print Commands
E.3 The print and set Commands
E.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, step up and next Commands
E.5 The watch Command
E.6 The clear Command
E.7 Wrap-Up
Appendices on the Web
Index
Symbols
Numerics
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS FROM RECENT EDITIONS REVIEWERS
26 Swing GUI Components: Part 1
ObjectivesOutline
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Java’s Nimbus Look-and-Feel
26.3 Simple GUI-Based Input/Output with JOptionPane
26.4 Overview of Swing Components
26.5 Displaying Text and Images in a Window
26.6 Text Fields and an Introduction to Event Handling with Nested Classes
26.7 Common GUI Event Types and Listener Interfaces
26.8 How Event Handling Works
26.9 JButton
26.10 Buttons That Maintain State
26.10.1 JCheckBoxRelationship Between an Inner Class and Its Top-Level Class26.10.2 JRadioButton
26.11 JComboBox; Using an Anonymous Inner Class for Event Handling
26.12 JList
26.13 Multiple-Selection Lists
26.14 Mouse Event Handling
26.15 Adapter Classes
26.16 JPanel Subclass for Drawing with the Mouse
26.17 Key Event Handling
26.18 Introduction to Layout Managers
26.18.1 FlowLayout26.18.2 BorderLayout26.18.3 GridLayout
26.19 Using Panels to Manage More Complex Layouts
26.20 JTextArea
26.21 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 26.1 IntroductionSection 26.2 Java’s Nimbus Look-and-FeelSection 26.3 Simple GUI-Based Input/Output with JOptionPaneSection 26.4 Overview of Swing ComponentsSection 26.5 Displaying Text and Images in a WindowSection 26.6 Text Fields and an Introduction to Event Handling with Nested ClassesSection 26.7 Common GUI Event Types and Listener InterfacesSection 26.8 How Event Handling WorksSection 26.9 JButtonSection 26.10 Buttons That Maintain StateSection 26.11 JComboBox; Using an Anonymous Inner Class for Event HandlingSection 26.12 JListSection 26.13 Multiple-Selection ListsSection 26.14 Mouse Event HandlingSection 26.15 Adapter ClassesSection 26.16 JPanel Subclass for Drawing with the MouseSection 26.17 Key Event HandlingSection 26.18 Introduction to Layout ManagersSection 26.19 Using Panels to Manage More Complex LayoutsSection 26.20 JTextArea
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
(Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study Exercise: Expanding the Interface
Making a Difference
27 Graphics and Java 2D
ObjectivesOutline
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Graphics Contexts and Graphics Objects
27.3 Color Control
27.4 Manipulating Fonts
27.5 Drawing Lines, Rectangles and Ovals
27.6 Drawing Arcs
27.7 Drawing Polygons and Polylines
27.8 Java 2D API
27.9 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 27.1 IntroductionSection 27.2 Graphics Contexts and Graphics ObjectsSection 27.3 Color ControlSection 27.4 Manipulating FontsSection 27.5 Drawing Lines, Rectangles and OvalsSection 27.6 Drawing ArcsSection 27.7 Drawing Polygons and PolylinesSection 27.8 Java 2D API
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
(Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study Exercise: Adding Java 2DMaking a Difference
28 Networking
ObjectivesOutline
28.1 Introduction1
28.2 Reading a File on a Web Server
28.3 Establishing a Simple Server Using Stream Sockets
28.4 Establishing a Simple Client Using Stream Sockets
28.5 Client/Server Interaction with Stream Socket Connections
28.6 Datagrams: Connectionless Client/Server Interaction
28.7 Client/Server Tic-Tac-Toe Using a Multithreaded Server
28.8 Optional Online Case Study: DeitelMessenger2
28.9 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 28.1 IntroductionSection 28.2 Reading a File on a Web ServerSection 28.3 Establishing a Simple Server Using Stream SocketsSection 28.4 Establishing a Simple Client Using Stream SocketsSection 28.6 Datagrams: Connectionless Client/Server Interaction
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
29 Java Persistence API (JPA)
ObjectivesOutline
29.1 Introduction
29.2 JPA Technology Overview
29.2.1 Generated Entity Classes29.2.2 Relationships Between Tables in the Entity Classes29.2.3 The javax.persistence PackageEntityManager InterfaceEntityManagerFactory Interface and the Persistence ClassTypedQuery Class, Dynamic Queries and Named Queries
29.3 Querying a Database with JPA
29.3.1 Creating the Java DB DatabaseCreating the Database29.3.2 Populating the books Database with Sample Data29.3.3 Creating the Java Project29.3.4 Adding the JPA and Java DB LibrariesEclipseLink—The JPA Reference ImplementationAdding Libraries29.3.5 Creating the Persistence Unit for the books Database29.3.6 Querying the Authors TableImporting the JPA Interfaces and Class Used in This ExampleCreating the EntityManagerFactory ObjectCreating the EntityManagerCreating a TypedQuery That Retrieves the Authors TableDisplaying the Query Results 29.3.7 JPA Features of Autogenerated Class AuthorsJPA Annotations for Class AuthorsJPA Annotations for Class Authors’ Instance Variables
29.4 Named Queries; Accessing Data from Multiple Tables
29.4.1 Using a Named Query to Get the List of Authors, then Display the Authors with Their TitlesCreating a TypedQuery That Retrieves the Authors TableProcessing the Results29.4.2 Using a Named Query to Get the List of Titles, then Display Each with Its Authors
29.5 Address Book: Using JPA and Transactions to Modify a Database
29.5.1 Transaction Processing29.5.2 Creating the AddressBook Database, Project and Persistence UnitStep 1: Creating the addressbook DatabaseStep 2: Populating the Database Step 3: Creating the AddressBook ProjectStep 4: Adding the JPA and Java DB Libraries Step 5: Creating the AddressBook Database’s Persistence Unit29.5.3 Addresses Entity ClassOrdering the Named Query ResultsToString Method of Class Addresses29.5.4 AddressBookController ClassObtaining the EntityManager Obtaining the Complete List of Contacts—Method getAllEntries Adding an Entry to the Database—Method addEntryButtonPressed Finding by Last Name—Method findButtonPressed 29.5.5 Other JPA OperationsUpdating an Existing EntityDeleting an Existing Entity
29.6 Web Resources
29.7 Wrap-Up
30 JavaServer™ Faces Web Apps: Part 1
ObjectivesOutline
30.1 Introduction
30.2 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Transactions
30.3 Multitier Application Architecture
30.4 Your First JSF Web App
30.4.1 The Default index.xhtml Document: Introducing FaceletsFacelets: XHTML and JSF MarkupXML Declaration, Comments and the DOCTYPE DeclarationSpecifying the XML Namespaces Used in the DocumentThe h:head and h:body Elements30.4.2 Examining the WebTimeBean ClassJavaBeansClass WebTimeBeanThe @ManagedBean AnnotationProcessing the EL Expression30.4.3 Building the WebTime JSF Web App in NetBeansCreating the JSF Web Application ProjectExamining the NetBeans Projects WindowExamining the Default index.xhtml PageEditing the h:head Element’s ContentsEditing the h:body Element’s ContentsDefining the Page’s Logic: Class WebTimeBeanAdding the EL Expression to the index.xhtml PageRunning the ApplicationDebugging the ApplicationTesting the Application from Other Web Browsers
30.5 Model-View-Controller Architecture of JSF Apps
30.6 Common JSF Components
30.7 Validation Using JSF Standard Validators
30.8 Session Tracking
30.8.1 Cookies30.8.2 Session Tracking with @SessionScoped BeansTest-Driving the App@SessionScoped Class SelectionsBeanMethods of Class SelectionsBeanindex.xhtmlrecommendations.xhtmlIterating Through the List of Books
30.9 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 30.1 IntroductionSection 30.2 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) TransactionsSection 30.3 Multitier Application ArchitectureSection 30.4 Your First JSF Web AppSection 30.4.1 The Default index.xhtml Document: Introducing FaceletsSection 30.4.2 Examining the WebTimeBean ClassSection 30.5 Model-View-Controller Architecture of JSF AppsSection 30.6 Common JSF ComponentsSection 30.7 Validation Using JSF Standard ValidatorsSection 30.8 Session TrackingSection 30.8.1 CookiesSection 30.8.2 Session Tracking with @SessionScoped Beans
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
31 JavaServer™ Faces Web Apps: Part 2
ObjectivesOutline
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Accessing Databases in Web Apps
31.2.1 Setting Up the DatabaseOpen NetBeans and Ensure that Java DB and GlassFish Are RunningCreating the Database Populate the addressbook Database with Sample Data31.2.2 Class AddressBean Defining a Data Source with the Annotation @DataSourceDefinitionClass AddressBean’s Annotations—@Named and @javax.faces.view.ViewScopedInjecting the DataSource into Class AddressBean AddressBean Method getAddressesAddressBean Method save31.2.3 index.xhtml Facelets PageThe h:dataTable ElementThe h:column Elements31.2.4 addentry.xhtml Facelets Page
31.3 Ajax
31.4 Adding Ajax Functionality to the Validation App
31.5 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 30.2.2 Class AddressBeanSection 30.2.3 index.xhtml Facelets PageSection 30.2.4 addentry.xhtml Facelets PageSection 31.3 AjaxSection 31.4 Adding Ajax Functionality to the Validation App
Self-Review Exercise
Answers to Self-Review Exercise
Exercises
32 REST Web Services
ObjectivesOutline
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Web Service Basics
32.3 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
32.4 Representational State Transfer (REST)
32.5 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
32.6 Publishing and Consuming SOAP-Based Web Services
32.6.1 Creating a Web Application Project and Adding a Web Service Class in NetBeansCreating a Web Application Project in NetBeansAdding a Web Service Class to a Web Application Project32.6.2 Defining the WelcomeSOAP Web Service in NetBeansAnnotation import Declarations@WebService AnnotationWelcomeSOAP Service’s welcome MethodCompleting the Web Service’s Code32.6.3 Publishing the WelcomeSOAP Web Service from NetBeans32.6.4 Testing the WelcomeSOAP Web Service with GlassFish Application Server’s Tester Web PageApplication Server NoteTesting the WelcomeSOAP Web Service from Another Computer32.6.5 Describing a Web Service with the Web Service Description Language (WSDL)Accessing the WelcomeSOAP Web Service’s WSDL from Another Computer32.6.6 Creating a Client to Consume the WelcomeSOAP Web ServiceService Endpoint Interface (SEI)Creating a Desktop Application Project in NetBeansStep 2: Adding a Web Service Reference to an Application32.6.7 Consuming the WelcomeSOAP Web Service
32.7 Publishing and Consuming REST-Based XML Web Services
32.7.1 Creating a REST-Based XML Web ServiceTesting the RESTful Web ServiceWADL32.7.2 Consuming a REST-Based XML Web Service
32.8 Publishing and Consuming REST-Based JSON Web Services
32.8.1 Creating a REST-Based JSON Web Service32.8.2 Consuming a REST-Based JSON Web Service
32.9 Session Tracking in a SOAP Web Service
32.9.1 Creating a Blackjack Web ServiceSession Tracking in Web Services: @HttpSessionScope AnnotationClient Interactions with the Blackjack Web Service32.9.2 Consuming the Blackjack Web ServiceConfiguring the Client for Session TrackingMethod gameOverMethod dealJButtonActionPerformedMethod hitJButtonActionPerformedMethod dealerPlayMethod standJButtonActionPerformedMethod displayCard
32.10 Consuming a Database-Driven SOAP Web Service
32.10.1 Creating the Reservation DatabaseCreating the Reservation Web Service32.10.2 Creating a Web Application to Interact with the Reservation Serviceindex.xhtmlReservationBean.java
32.11 Equation Generator: Returning User-Defined Types
32.11.1 Creating the EquationGeneratorXML Web Service32.11.2 Consuming the EquationGeneratorXML Web Service32.11.3 Creating the EquationGeneratorJSON Web Service32.11.4 Consuming the EquationGeneratorJSON Web Service
32.12 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 32.1 IntroductionSection 32.2 Web Service BasicsSection 32.3 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)Section 32.4 Representational State Transfer (REST)Section 32.5 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)Section 32.6.1 Creating a Web Application Project and Adding a Web Service Class in NetBeansSection 31.6.2 Defining the WelcomeSOAP Web Service in NetBeansSection 31.6.3 Publishing the WelcomeSOAP Web Service from NetBeansSection 31.6.4 Testing the WelcomeSOAP Web Service with GlassFish Application Server’s Tester Web PageSection 32.6.5 Describing a Web Service with the Web Service Description Language (WSDL)Section 31.6.6 Creating a Client to Consume the WelcomeSOAP Web ServiceSection 31.6.7 Consuming the WelcomeSOAP Web ServiceSection 32.7.1 Creating a REST-Based XML Web ServiceSection 32.7.2 Consuming a REST-Based XML Web ServiceSection 32.8 Publishing and Consuming REST-Based JSON Web ServicesSection 32.8.1 Creating a REST-Based JSON Web ServiceSection 32.8.2 Consuming a REST-Based JSON Web ServiceSection 32.9 Session Tracking in a SOAP Web ServiceSection 31.9.1 Creating a Blackjack Web ServiceSection 31.9.2 Consuming the Blackjack Web ServiceSection 32.11 Equation Generator: Returning User-Defined Types
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
Making a Difference
33 ATM Case Study, Part 1: Object-Oriented Design with the UML
ObjectivesOutline
33.1 Case Study Introduction
33.2 Examining the Requirements Document
Self-Review Exercises for Section 33.2
33.3 Identifying the Classes in a Requirements Document
Self-Review Exercises for Section 33.3
33.4 Identifying Class Attributes
Self-Review Exercises for Section 33.4
33.5 Identifying Objects’ States and Activities
Self-Review Exercises for Section 33.5
33.6 Identifying Class Operations
Self-Review Exercises for Section 33.6
33.7 Indicating Collaboration Among Objects
Self-Review Exercises for Section 33.7
33.8 Wrap-Up
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
34 ATM Case Study Part 2: Implementing the Design
ObjectivesOutline
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Starting to Program the Classes of the ATM System
Self-Review Exercises for Section 34.2
34.3 Incorporating Inheritance and Polymorphism into the ATM System
Self-Review Exercises for Section 34.3
34.4 ATM Case Study Implementation
34.4.1 Class ATMATM Method runAuthenticating a UserPerforming TransactionsCreating a TransactionExiting the Main Menu and Processing Invalid SelectionsAwaiting the Next ATM User34.4.2 Class Screen34.4.3 Class Keypad34.4.4 Class CashDispenser34.4.5 Class DepositSlot34.4.6 Class Account34.4.7 Class BankDatabase34.4.8 Class Transaction34.4.9 Class BalanceInquiry34.4.10 Class Withdrawal34.4.11 Class Deposit34.4.12 Class ATMCaseStudy
34.5 Wrap-Up
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
35 Swing GUI Components: Part 2
ObjectivesOutline
35.1 Introduction
Java SE 8: Implementing Event Listeners with Lambdas
35.2 JSlider
35.3 Understanding Windows in Java
Returning Window Resources to the SystemDisplaying and Positioning WindowsWindow Events
35.4 Using Menus with Frames
Overview of Several Menu-Related ComponentsUsing Menus in an ApplicationSetting Up the File MenuSetting Up the Format MenuCreating the Rest of the GUI and Defining the Event Handlers
35.5 JPopupMenu
35.6 Pluggable Look-and-Feel
35.7 JDesktopPane and JInternalFrame
35.8 JTabbedPane
35.9 BoxLayout Layout Manager
Creating Box ContainersStrutsGlueRigid AreasSetting a BoxLayout for a ContainerAdding Glue and JButtons Creating the JTabbedPaneAttaching the Box Containers and JPanel to the JTabbedPane
35.10 GridBagLayout Layout Manager
GridBagConstraints fields.GridBagConstraints Field anchorGridBagConstraints Field fillGridBagConstraints Fields gridx and gridyGridBagConstraints Field gridwidthGridBagConstraints Field weightxGridBagConstraints Field weightyEffects of weightx and weightyDemonstrating GridBagLayoutGUI OverviewJTextArea textArea1JButton button1JComboBox comboBoxJButton button2JButton button3JTextField textField and JTextArea textArea2Method addComponentGridBagConstraints Constants RELATIVE and REMAINDERSetting the JFrame’s Layout to a GridBagLayoutConfiguring the JTextField Configuring JButton buttons[0]Configuring JButton buttons[1]Configuring JButton buttons[2]Configuring JComboBoxConfiguring JButton buttons[3]Configuring JButton buttons[4]Configuring JList
35.11 Wrap-Up
Summary
Section 22.2 JSliderSection 35.3 Understanding Windows in JavaSection 35.4 Using Menus with FramesSection 22.5 JPopupMenuSection 35.6 Pluggable Look-and-FeelSection 22.7 JDesktopPane and JInternalFrameSection 22.8 JTabbedPaneSection 22.9 BoxLayout Layout ManagerSection 22.10 GridBagLayout Layout Manager
Self-Review Exercises
Answers to Self-Review Exercises
Exercises
36 Java Platform Module System
ObjectivesOutline
36.1 Introduction1
36.2 Module Declarations
36.2.1 requires36.2.2 requires transitive—Implied Readability36.2.3 exports and exports…to36.2.4 uses36.2.5 provides…with36.2.6 open, opens and opens…to10,11Allowing Runtime-Only Access to a PackageAllowing Runtime-Only Access to a Package By Specific ModulesAllowing Runtime-Only Access to All Packages in a ModuleReflection DefaultsDependency Injection36.2.7 Restricted Keywords
36.3 Modularized Welcome App
36.3.1 Welcome App’s StructureModule Naming ConventionsListing the java.base Module’s Contents36.3.2 Class Welcome36.3.3 module-info.java36.3.4 Module-Dependency Graph36.3.5 Compiling a ModuleNote Regarding Lengthy Commands in This ChapterWelcome App’s Folder Structure After CompilationListing the com.deitel.welcome Module’s Contents36.3.6 Running an App from a Module’s Exploded Folders36.3.7 Packaging a Module into a Modular JAR File36.3.8 Running the Welcome App from a Modular JAR File36.3.9 Aside: Classpath vs. Module Path
36.4 Creating and Using a Custom Module
36.4.1 Exporting a Package for Use in Other Modulescom.deitel.timelibrary Module Declaration36.4.2 Using a Class from a Package in Another Modulecom.deitel.timetest Module Declarationcom.deitel.timetest Module-dependency Graph36.4.3 Compiling and Running the ExampleCompiling Module com.deitel.timelibraryCompiling Module com.deitel.timetestRunning the Example36.4.4 Packaging the App into Modular JAR FilesRunning the App from a Modular JAR File36.4.5 Strong Encapsulation and AccessibilityCompilation Error When Attempting to Use an Inaccessible Type
36.5 Module-Dependency Graphs: A Deeper Look
36.5.1 java.sql36.5.2 java.se36.5.3 Browsing the JDK Module Graph36.5.4 Error: Module Graph with a CycleA Module That (Incorrectly) Requires ItselfTwo Modules That (Incorrectly) Require One AnotherModules in a Cycle Are Really “One Thing”
36.6 Migrating Code to Java 9
36.6.1 Unnamed Module36.6.2 Automatic Modules36.6.3 jdeps: Java Dependency AnalysisDetermining the Modules You NeedVerbose jdeps OutputUsing jdeps to Produce DOT Files for Graphing ToolsAdditional jdeps Options
36.7 Resources in Modules; Using an Automatic Module
36.7.1 Automatic ModulesCode Changes for Modularization36.7.2 Requiring Multiple Modules36.7.3 Opening a Module for Reflection36.7.4 Module-Dependency Graph36.7.5 Compiling the ModuleCopying the Resource Files into the Module36.7.6 Running a Modularized App
36.8 Creating Custom Runtimes with jlink
36.8.1 Listing the JRE’s Modules36.8.2 Custom Runtime Containing Only java.baseNote Regarding the JAVA_HOME VariableExecuting the Welcome App Using This Custom RuntimeListing the Modules in a Custom Runtime36.8.3 Creating a Custom Runtime for the Welcome App36.8.4 Executing the Welcome App Using a Custom Runtime36.8.5 Using the Module Resolver on a Custom Runtime
36.9 Services and ServiceLoader
36.9.1 Service-Provider Interface36.9.2 Loading and Consuming Service ProvidersUsing ServiceLoader to Locate Service ProvidersUsing a Service-Provider Interface36.9.3 uses Module Directive and Service Consumers36.9.4 Running the App with No Service Providers36.9.5 Implementing a Service Provider36.9.6 provides…with Module Directive and Declaring a Service Provider36.9.7 Running the App with One Service Provider36.9.8 Implementing a Second Service Provider36.9.9 Running the App with Two Service Providers
36.10 Wrap-Up
37 Additional Java 9 Topics
ObjectivesOutline
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Recap: Java 9 Features Covered in Earlier Chapters
37.3 New Version String Format
37.4 Regular Expressions: New Matcher Class Methods
37.4.1 Methods appendReplacement and appendTail37.4.2 Methods replaceFirst and replaceAll37.4.3 Method results
37.5 New Stream Interface Methods
37.5.1 Stream Methods takeWhile and dropWhile37.5.2 Stream Method iterate37.5.3 Stream Method ofNullable
37.6 Modules in JShell
Adding a Module to the JShell SessionImporting a Class from a Module’s Exported Package(s)Using the Imported Class
37.7 JavaFX 9 Skin APIs
37.8 Other GUI and Graphics Enhancements
37.8.1 Multi-Resolution Images37.8.2 TIFF Image I/O37.8.3 Platform-Specific Desktop Features
37.9 Security Related Java 9 Topics
37.9.1 Filter Incoming Serialization Data37.9.2 Create PKCS12 Keystores by Default37.9.3 Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)37.9.4 OCSP Stapling for TLS37.9.5 TLS Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension
37.10 Other Java 9 Topics
37.10.1 Indify String Concatenation37.10.2 Platform Logging API and Service37.10.3 Process API Updates37.10.4 Spin-Wait Hints37.10.5 UTF-8 Property Resource Bundles37.10.6 Use CLDR Locale Data by Default37.10.7 Elide Deprecation Warnings on Import Statements37.10.8 Multi-Release JAR Files37.10.9 Unicode 837.10.10 Concurrency EnhancementsNew Methods of Class CompletableFuture
37.11 Items Removed from the JDK and Java 9
Removed Platform FeaturesRemoved Methods
37.12 Items Proposed for Removal from Future Java Versions
37.12.1 Enhanced Deprecation37.12.2 Items Likely to Be Removed in Future Java Versions37.12.3 Finding Deprecated Features37.12.4 Java Applets
37.13 Wrap-Up
F Using the Java API Documentation
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Navigating the Java API
G Creating Documentation with javadoc
G.1 Introduction
G.2 Documentation Comments
G.3 Documenting Java Source Code
G.4 javadoc
Downloading the Java DocumentationExecuting javadoc from the Command Line
G.5 Files Produced by javadoc
H Unicode®
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Unicode Transformation Formats
H.3 Characters and Glyphs
H.4 Advantages/Disadvantages of Unicode
H.5 Using Unicode
H.6 Character Ranges
I Formatted Output
ObjectivesOutline
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Streams
I.3 Formatting Output with printf
I.4 Printing Integers
I.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers
I.6 Printing Strings and Characters
I.7 Printing Dates and Times
I.8 Other Conversion Characters
I.9 Printing with Field Widths and Precisions
I.10 Using Flags in the printf Format String
I.11 Printing with Argument Indices
I.12 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences
I.13 Formatting Output with Class Formatter
I.14 Wrap-Up
J Number Systems
ObjectivesOutline
J.1 Introduction
J.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
J.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers
J.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal
J.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal
J.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation
K Bit Manipulation
K.1 Introduction
K.2 Bit Manipulation and the Bitwise Operators
K.3 BitSet Class
L Labeled break and continue Statements
L.1 Introduction
L.2 Labeled break Statement
L.3 Labeled continue Statement
M UML 2: Additional Diagram Types
M.1 Introduction
M.2 Additional Diagram Types
N Design Patterns
N.1 IntroductionHistory of Object-Oriented Design Patterns
N.2 Creational, Structural and Behavioral Design Patterns
N.2.1 Creational Design PatternsSingletonN.2.2 Structural Design PatternsProxyN.2.3 Behavioral Design PatternsMementoStateN.2.4 Conclusion
N.3 Design Patterns in Packages java.awt and javax.swing
N.3.1 Creational Design PatternsFactory MethodN.3.2 Structural Design PatternsAdapterBridgeCompositeN.3.3 Behavioral Design PatternsChain of ResponsibilityCommandObserverStrategyTemplate MethodN.3.4 Conclusion
N.4 Concurrency Design Patterns
Concurrency Design Patterns
N.5 Design Patterns Used in Packages java.io and java.net
N.5.1 Creational Design PatternsAbstract FactoryN.5.2 Structural Design PatternsDecoratorFacadeN.5.3 Architectural PatternsMVCLayersN.5.4 Conclusion
N.6 Design Patterns Used in Package java.util
N.6.1 Creational Design PatternsPrototypeN.6.2 Behavioral Design PatternsIterator
N.7 Wrap-Up

Content preview from Java How to Program, Early Objects, 11th Edition

21.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation

Creating and maintaining dynamic data structures requires dynamic memory allocation—allowing a program to obtain more memory space at execution time to hold new nodes and to release space no longer needed. Remember that Java does not require you to explicitly release dynamically allocated memory. Rather, Java performs automatic garbage collection of objects that are no longer referenced in a program.

The limit for dynamic memory allocation can be as large as the amount of available physical memory in the computer or the amount of available disk space in a virtual-memory system. Often the limits are much smaller, because the computer’s available memory must be shared among many applications.

The declaration and ...

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Beginning Java 17 Fundamentals: Object-Oriented Programming in Java 17

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Java How to Program, Early Objects, 11th Edition

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21.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation

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