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深入理解運算原理|從簡單的機器到無所不能的程式
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深入理解運算原理|從簡單的機器到無所不能的程式

by Tom Stuart
November 2017
Beginner to intermediate
344 pages
7h 2m
Chinese
GoTop Information, Inc.
Content preview from 深入理解運算原理|從簡單的機器到無所不能的程式
第7章
四處皆通用
我們在這個世界所看到的大多數複雜事物是來自複雜的系統(哺乳動物、微運算器、經
濟、天氣),所以自然就會假設簡單的系統只能完成簡單的事情。但我們在本書已經看
到簡單的系統也可以擁有令人印象深刻的能力:第 6 章已經證明了即使是極小的程式語
言也具有足夠的能力來完成有用的工作,而第 5 章勾勒出通用的圖靈機設計,可以讀取
另一台機器編碼過的描述,然後模擬它的執行。
通用圖靈機的出現真的非常重要。即使任何個別的圖靈機都有一本寫死的規則手冊,但
透過讀取磁帶裡的指令,通用圖靈機示範了可能設計出能夠適應各種任務的裝置。這些
指令實際上是控制機器硬體運算的一段軟體,就像我們每天使用的可程式化通用電腦
1
有限和下推自動機有點
太過於
簡單,以致於無法支援這種完整的可程式性,但是圖靈
機就複雜的能讓它運作。
我們會在本章介紹幾個簡單的系統,並且發現它們全都是通用系統(它們全都能模擬圖
靈機,因此全都能執行從輸入提供的任何程式,而非系統裡寫死的規則),由此可知通
用真的比我們預期的更為常見。
Lambda 演算
我們已經知道 lambda 演算是一種可用的程式語言,但是我們尚未探索它是否像圖靈機
一樣強大。事實上,lambda 演算至少必須夠強大,因為它能模擬任何圖靈機,(當然
也)包括
通用
universal
)圖靈機。
1 『硬體』是指讀寫磁帶頭、磁帶、規則手冊。它們不是字面上的硬體,因為圖靈機通常是想法的實驗,
而不是實體的物件,但它們是『硬』的,因為相對於以字元寫進磁帶而存在並且不斷變化的『軟』資訊
而言,它們是系統固定的部分。 ...
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Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9789864766000