Urban Transportation and Logistics

36 Tien Fang Fwa

Consumer packaged goods are typically retail products for end con-

sumers and are used frequently. They are used directly mostly by the

end consumers daily, weekly, or regularly over a varying period of time.

As such, collection and delivery has to be made frequently at regular

intervals over the entire distribution network covering all parts of a city.

A typical outbound supply chain involves a number of intermediaries,

as shown in Figure2.3. The corresponding logistics cost consists of four

main components: transportation cost, warehousing cost, freight for-

warding cost, and miscellaneous cost. Of these, transportation is ...