Urban Transportation and Logistics

172 Tadashi Yamada

been a variety of equilibrium models developed and applied in transport

(e.g., Bell and Iida 1995; Nagurney 2000), economics (e.g., Arrow and

Intrilligator 1981; Holguín-Veras 2000), and nance (e.g., Nagurney

1999). As such, the equilibrium models have a long tradition and typi-

cally relate to network economics.

TN equilibrium (TNE) models are typical procedures being used

to represent travelers’ behavior in a transport network. Patriksson

(1994), Florian and Hearn (1995), and Boyce (2007) provide a com-

prehensive overview of such models. TNE originated with the Wardrop

equilibrium (i.e., UE) by Wardrop (1952) and basically deals with xed

origin– destination (OD) trafc demands, which were rst formulated by

Jorgensen ...