Urban Transportation and Logistics

250 Takayoshi Yokota and Dai Tamagawa

between an in-vehicle device mounted onto the vehicle and an antenna

at the toll gate, and cars can pass through without stopping. In ETC

systems in Japan, an IC card that identies the individual attribute of

users is needed, and the card must be inserted in the in-vehicle device

when using ETC. Now, the ETC system is used in many countries around

the world, but the structures vary among countries or even areas in the

same country.

ETC toll gates can handle several times more cars than non-ETC toll

gates; thus, trafc jams would be reduced as ETC came into wider use.

Now, in Japan, it is possible to use ETC at almost all motorways and the

rate of using ETC at the toll gate has reached over 80% (as of July ...