The International Organization for Standardization has defi ned a protocol that determines how
two different systems will communicate with each other regardless of their underlying architecture.
The protocol is known as open systems interconnection model (OSI model), in which the network
is divided into a series of layers. The OSI model consists of seven ordered layers. These are
application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer
and physical layer. The lowest three layers, the network, data link and physical layers are together
known as the ...
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