concurrency control in distributed databases. The algorithms implemented by the distributed
transaction manager must not block the execution of those transactions that do not strictly
need to access a site that is not operational.
(iv) Communication cost should be minimized In a distributed system an additional communi-
cation cost is incurred for each distributed or global application, because a number of message
transfers are required between sites to control the execution of a global application. These
messages are not only used to transfer data, but are required to control the execution of the
application. ...
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