In locking-based concurrency control algorithms, the synchronization of transactions is
achieved by employing physical or logical locks on some portion of the database or on the entire
database. In the case of timestamp-based concurrency control algorithms, the synchronization of
transactions is achieved by assigning timestamps both to the transactions, and to the data items
that are stored in the database. To allow maximum concurrency and to improve effi ciency, some
locking-based concurrency control algorithms also involve timestamp ordering; these are called
hybrid concurrency control algorithms.
8.5
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