transaction that had read the data item, and the other is a write_timestamp value, which is the
timestamp value of the last transaction that had updated the data item. The implementation of
the basic TO algorithm for a transaction T in a DDBMS is described below.
The coordinating transaction manager assigns a timestamp value to the transaction T, say ts(T),
determines the sites where each data item is stored, and sends the relevant operations to these sites.
Let us consider that the transaction T requires to perform a read operation on a data item x located
at a remote site. The data item x has a read_timestamp ...
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