Après cette étape, la matrice de pondération (contenant les poids
i,j
)
encode les relations linéaires locales entre les observations d’entraînement. La
seconde étape consiste alors à projeter les observations d’entraînement dans un
espace à d dimensions (où d < n) tout en préservant autant que possible ces rela-
tions locales. Si z
(i)
est l’image de x
(i)
dans cet espace à d dimensions, alors nous
voulons que le carré de la distance entre z
(i)
et
j
m
=1
∑
i,j
z
(j)
soit aussi petit que pos-
sible. Cette idée conduit au problème d’optimisation ...
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