Cyber-Physical Systems Concepts ◾ 13
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that a CPS is real time in all operations can be very difficult when taking into account the delay of
data being processed by the sensors until action is taken by the actuators. Remodeling or design-
ing a system and remaining within a given set of cost constraints is also very important. System
architectures must also remain consistent for large-scale designs and protocols. Improved model-
based development, CPS certification and verification, network autonomy, and embedded system
scalability are all issues that will have to be addressed.
CPSs will one day reshape how humans intermingle and connect with the physical world.
Energy-efficient power sources, highly accelerated a