Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for CPS Applications ◾ 151
arrive. If it is received after the processing time has passed, it is considered to be a lost packet and
a jitter is present where the missing packet should be. Buffers at the physical system send control
signals at predictable times in an attempt to soften the jitter. e correct amount of time that the
packets are held is very important. If it is not lengthy enough, it is possible to lose more packets.
Extending the time, delays the processing time and weakens the quality of the system.
A new way to predict more accurate PBD times is to decompose the variations in the RTTs.
ere are two components of this. First, is the forward path that is the one-way delay variation of
the ...