
26 ◾ Cyber-Physical Systems
unused licensed spectrum bands to use. is deployment is useful for telecom operators to extend
wireless access among users that are outside the BS coverage [6]. Compared to a centralized CRN,
the resource allocation and performance optimization are more challenging for a distributed CRN
because of the need for increased coordination between users.
3.4 Cognition Cycle
e cognition cycle (CC) of a node is a state machine that shows the states of its cognitive process.
e simple CC for a network node includes six states: observe, act, orient, plan, learn, and decide
[11]. A CC starts with an observed state. e obser ...