Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are perhaps the most important element in analog
circuits and deserve the most attention from the circuit designer. The design of op-amps
has been one of the most thoroughly covered topics in the field of integrated circuits
(ICs), and a plentiful number of textbooks and handbooks are available that provide in-
depth discussions and fruitful circuit design examples. Thus, the following context shall
be positioned as an introductory overview, rather than a comprehensive study, of the
modern complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) op-amp topologies.
Chapter Outlin
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