In a cascaded ∆Σmodulator, the capacitor mismatch or finite op-amp gain intro-
duces gain errors to the integrators and to the feedback DACs. The gain errors are
less important to the 1-bit feedback DACs since they are always linear (they become
much more pronounced when multibit DACs are used).
However, the gain errors in the integrators are more problematic. They cause the
modulator’s noise transfer function to deviate from its desired form, thereby weaken-
ing the effect of digital error cancellation logic and causing a noticeable error
leakage in the modulator’s final output. Take the 2-1-1 modula ...
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