book

High Performance Polymers, 2nd Edition

Name: High Performance Polymers, 2nd Edition
Author: Johannes Karl Fink
ISBN: 9780323311434

by Johannes Karl Fink

July 2014

Intermediate to advanced

440 pages

21h 59m

English

William Andrew

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Half Title
PDL Series
Title Page
Copyright
Contents (1/2)
Contents (2/2)
Preface
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Carbazole Polymers
1.1 Monomers1.1.1 N-Vinylcarbazole

1.1.2 Nonlinear Optical Side Chain Monomers
1.1.3 Molecular Glasses
1.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
1.2.1 Polymerization1.2.1.1 Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
1.2.1.2 NVK/Pyrrol Composites
1.2.2 Other Vinylcarbazole Compounds1.2.2.1 Grignard Coupling1.2.2.2 Anionic Polymerization1.2.2.3 Heck Cross Coupling1.2.2.4 Copolymers1.2.2.5 Solution Processing
1.3 Properties
1.3.1 Liquid Crystalline Phases1.3.1.1 Charge Transporting Materials1.3.1.2 Principle of Xerography
1.3.2 Optical Properties
1.3.2.1 Polarization Rotators1.3.2.2 Enhanced Photorefractive Performance1.3.2.3 Hologram Images1.3.2.4 Holographic Recording Medium1.3.2.5 Effect of Molecular Weight of PVK on Photorefractive Performance
1.3.2.6 Fluorescence Quenching
1.4 Applications1.4.1 Electrophotographic Films1.4.1.1 Photoconductivity1.4.1.2 TNF-PVK Complexes1.4.1.3 Photoconductive Copolymers
1.4.1.4 Copolymers
1.4.2 Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes (1/2)1.4.2.1 Förster Energy Transfer1.4.2.2 Service Time1.4.2.3 Methods of Fabrication of LEDs1.4.2.4 Poly(fluorene)s
1.4.2 Polymeric Light-Emitting Diodes (2/2)
1.4.2.5 NVK/PBD1.4.2.6 Functionalized Polymers1.4.2.7 Metal Complexes1.4.2.8 Mixed Dyes1.4.2.9 Multilayer Light-Emitting Diode
1.4.2.10 Other Chromophores
1.4.3 Organic Photorefractive Materials1.4.3.1 Photorefractive Formulations1.4.3.2 Holograms
1.4.4 Photovoltaic Devices
1.4.5 Amplified Spontaneous Emission
1.4.6 Optical Elements1.4.7 Antistatic Polymer1.4.8 Other Applications1.4.8.1 Microscopic Imaging
1.4.9 Analytical Applications
1.4.10 Nanocomposites1.4.10.1 Poly(pyrrole)-Modified Nanocomposites1.4.10.2 Poly(aniline)-Modified Nanocomposites1.4.10.3 Carbon Nanotubes1.4.10.4 Clay Nanohybrids
1.4.11 Fuel Cells
1.4.12 Coatings1.4.13 Fibers1.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
1.6 Safety
References
2 Poly(p-xylylene)s
2.1 Monomers
2.1.1 Chlorine-Substituted Monomers
2.2 Sulfide Modified Polymers
2.3 Polymerization and Fabrication
2.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition2.3.1.1 Fluor Containing Parylenes2.3.1.2 Copolymers2.3.1.3 Organic Transistors2.3.1.4 CMOS Devices2.3.1.5 Siloxane-Substituted Poly(p-Xylylene)s
2.3.1.6 Soft Magnetic Composites
2.3.2 Solution Polymerization
2.3.3 Self-Assembly Polymerization
2.4 Properties2.4.1 Mechanical Properties
2.4.2 Electrical Properties
2.5 Applications
2.5.1 Coatings2.5.1.1 Coatings for Solder Powders
2.5.1.2 Waveguide Coatings
2.5.1.3 Reinforcement Layers2.5.1.4 Printed Circuit Boards2.5.2 Medical Applications2.5.2.1 Surface Modification2.5.2.2 Drug Release2.5.2.3 Modification of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for Biomedical Applications2.5.2.4 Parylene Coating for Cardiac Pacemaker Electrodes2.5.2.5 Implants
2.5.3 Microelectrode Arrays
2.5.4 Nanocomposites
2.5.4.1 Melt Blending2.5.4.2 Bioimplant Applications2.5.4.3 Lead Nanocomposites2.5.4.4 Cadmium Sulfide Nanocomposites
2.5.4.5 Cobalt Nanocomposite Films
2.5.4.6 Silver Nanocomposites2.5.4.7 Titania Nanocomposites2.5.4.8 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles2.5.5 Nanotubes
2.5.6 Nanofibers
2.5.7 Semiconductor Device with Parylene Coating2.5.8 Electrodes by Pyrolysis2.5.9 Nanocalorimeter
2.5.10 Adhesion
2.5.11 Water Diffusion in Coatings
2.5.12 Ultrafiltration Membranes
2.5.13 Coatings for Steel Implants2.5.14 Sensors
2.5.15 Actuators
2.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
2.7 Safety
References
3 Poly(arylene-vinylene)s
3.1 Monomers3.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
3.2.1 Sulfonium Precursor Route
3.2.2 Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cross Coupling Process3.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
3.2.4 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization
3.2.5 Electropolymerization
3.2.6 Knoevenagel Polycondensation
3.2.7 Wittig Reaction3.2.8 Gilch Reaction
3.2.9 Dehydrohalogenation Phase Transfer Catalysis
3.2.10 Anionic Polymerization3.2.11 Others
3.3 Properties
3.3.1 Mechanical Properties3.3.2 Thermal Properties
3.3.3 Electrical Properties
3.3.4 Optical Properties3.3.4.1 Tunable Photoluminescence of Poly(phenylenevinylene) Nanofibers
3.4 Special Additives
3.4.1 Dopants3.4.1.1 Reactive Doping3.4.1.2 Dye Doping3.5 Applications3.5.1 Electroluminescent Devices
3.5.2 Photovoltaic Devices
3.5.3 Ambipolar Transistors
3.5.4 Functionalization of Electronic Devices
3.5.5 Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Nanofibers
3.5.6 Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Nanotubes3.5.7 Sensors3.5.7.1 pH Sensor3.5.7.2 Gas Sensors3.5.7.3 Ammonium Nitrate Sensor3.5.7.4 Peptide Sensors3.5.7.5 Bacteria Sensor3.5.7.6 Mechanochromic Sensors3.5.7.7 Impedimetric Sensors
3.5.8 Ink-Jet Printing
3.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
3.7 Safety
References
4 Poly(phenylene ether)s
4.1 Monomers
4.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
4.2.1 Curing Kinetics
4.2.2 Oxidative Polymerization4.2.2.1 High-Molecular-Weight Type4.2.3 Hyperbranched Poly(phenylene ether)
4.2.4 Functionalized Poly(phenylene ether)
4.2.4.1 Redistribution with Phenols4.2.4.2 Treatment with Vinyl Compounds
4.2.4.3 Other Functionalization Methods
4.2.5 Copolymers
4.2.6 Blends
4.2.6.1 Miscible Blends
4.2.6.2 Compatibilization
4.2.7 Thermosetting Resins
4.2.8 Other Related Types
4.3 Properties4.3.1 Mechanical Properties4.3.2 Thermal Properties
4.3.3 Electrical Properties
4.3.4 Optical Properties4.4 Special Additives4.4.1 Impact Modifiers
4.4.2 Fibers
4.4.3 Flame Retardants
4.4.4 Blowing Agents
4.4.5 Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers4.5 Applications4.5.1 Automotive Components
4.5.2 Adhesives
4.5.3 Membranes4.5.3.1 Gas Separation Membranes4.5.3.2 Pervaporation Membranes4.5.3.3 Membrane Catalysts4.5.3.4 Ultrafiltration Membranes4.5.3.5 Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes4.5.3.6 Polymer Electrolyte Membranes
4.5.4 Sterilized Materials
4.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
4.7 Safety
4.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling
References (1/2)
References (2/2)
5 Poly(phenylene sulfide)
5.1 Monomers5.2 Polymerization and Fabrication5.2.1 Standard Procedure5.2.1.1 Dehydration5.2.1.2 Catalyst5.2.1.3 Modifiers5.2.1.4 Cleanup
5.2.2 Other Methods of Preparation
5.2.3 Oxidized Poly(phenylene sulfide)5.2.4 Highly Sulfonated PPS
5.2.5 Modification of PPS by Nitro Groups
5.2.6 Copolymers5.2.7 Thermosets5.2.7.1 Nadimide Units5.2.7.2 Ethynyl Units5.2.8 Blends and Composites5.2.8.1 Impact Strength Modification
5.2.8.2 Viscosity Reduction
5.2.9 Poly(arylene ether sulfide)s5.2.10 Poly(phenylene sulfide phenyleneamine)
5.2.11 Poly(dithiathianthrene)s
5.2.12 Poly(aryl ether thianthrene)s
5.3 PPS Poly(ethylene) Composites5.4 PPS Poly(amide) Composites5.4.1 Epoxy Composites5.4.2 Composites with High Thermal Conductivity
5.4.3 Fibers
5.5 Properties5.5.1 Mechanical Properties5.5.2 Thermal Properties5.5.3 Electrical Properties5.5.4 Optical Properties5.5.4.1 High Refractive Copolymer
5.5.5 Solubility
5.5.6 Crystallization Behavior5.5.6.1 Shear-Induced Crystallization5.6 Special Additives5.6.1 Decolorants5.6.2 Corrosion Inhibitors
5.6.3 Adhesion Reduction
5.6.4 Carbon Nanotubes5.6.5 Expanded Graphite Composites
5.7 Applications
5.7.1 Solder Friendly Thermoplastic Blends5.7.2 Abrasion-resistant Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Blends
5.7.3 Electrically Conducting Polymers
5.7.4 Proton Exchange Membrane Materials
5.7.5 Fuel Cells
5.7.5.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells5.7.5.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
5.7.6 Ozone Filter Materials
5.7.7 Foams5.8 Suppliers and Commercial Grades5.9 Safety
5.10 Environmental Impact and Recycling
References
6 Poly(aryl ether ketone)s
6.1 Monomers
6.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
6.2.1 Nucleophilic Process6.2.1.1 Poly(ether ketone)s with Ester Groups6.2.1.2 Powder Preparation
6.2.2 Electrophilic Process
6.2.3 Blends6.2.4 Modification6.2.4.1 Surface Functionalization
6.2.5 Thermosets
6.3 Properties6.3.1 Mechanical Properties6.4 Special Additives6.4.1 Melt Stabilizers
6.4.2 Fillers and Reinforcing Materials
6.5 Applications
6.5.1 Nonadhesive Coating6.5.2 Porous Membranes
6.5.3 Rechargeable Batteries
6.5.4 Methanol Fuel Cell Membranes6.5.4.1 Biphenylated PEEK6.5.4.2 Quaternary Ammonium Modified PEEK6.5.4.3 Epoxy Membranes
6.5.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Membranes
6.5.5.1 Hydroxynaphthalene-Based PEEK6.5.5.2 Fluorinated PEEK
6.5.5.3 Hyperbranched PEEK
6.5.6 Fuel Cell Aging6.5.7 Medical Applications6.5.7.1 Orthopedic Applications6.5.7.2 Drug Release Kinetics
6.5.7.3 Surface Grafting
6.5.8 Analytical Applications6.5.8.1 Preconcentration of Arsenic and Antimony Compounds6.5.8.2 Carbonaceous Membranes6.5.9 Electronic Applications
6.5.9.1 Data Storage
6.5.10 Coatings
6.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
6.7 Safety
References (1/2)
References (2/2)
7 Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone)s
7.1 Monomers7.1.1 4,4-Biphenol7.1.2 Bisphenol A7.1.3 Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- sulfone
7.1.4 Bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-sulfone
7.1.5 2,2-Dimethylamine- methylene-4,4-biphenol
7.1.6 3,3-Diallyl-4,4-dihydroxy- biphenyl
7.1.7 3,3,5,5-Tetra(4-methoxy- phenyl)-4,4-difluorodiphenyl sulfone
7.1.8 N,N-Diisopropylethylammo- nium 2,2-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl) pentafluoropropanesulfonate7.2 Polymerization and Fabrication7.2.1 Step-Growth Polycondensation
7.2.2 Chain-Growth Polycondensation
7.2.3 Copolymers from Telechelic Monomers
7.2.4 Macrocyclic Polymers
7.2.5 Friedel-Crafts Polymerization7.2.6 Sulfonation
7.2.7 Blends
7.2.8 Varieties of PES7.2.8.1 Poly(arylene thioether ketone)s7.2.8.2 Poly(arylene thioether sulfone)s7.2.8.3 Poly(arylene sulfide sulfone)7.2.8.4 Poly(amide)s with Sulfone in the Backbone7.2.8.5 Hyperbranched PES
7.2.9 Modification
7.3 Properties7.3.1 Thermal Properties
7.3.2 Chemical Properties
7.3.3 Electrical Properties
7.4 Applications
7.4.1 Membranes7.4.1.1 Ultrafiltration Membranes7.4.1.2 Hollow Fiber Membranes7.4.1.3 Reverse Osmosis Membranes7.4.1.4 Proton Exchange Membranes7.4.1.5 Anion Exchange Membranes7.4.1.6 Carbon Membranes7.4.1.7 Fuel Cell Membranes
7.4.1.8 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
7.4.2 Medical Applications
7.4.2.1 Dental Plaque Barriers7.4.2.2 Controlled Release Systems
7.4.2.3 Nucleotide Mimetics
7.4.3 Optical Waveguide Applications
7.4.4 Plumbing Materials
7.4.5 Porous Polymeric Foam7.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades7.6 Safety7.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling
References (1/2)
References (2/2)
8 Poly(Arylene Ether Nitrile)s
8.1 Monomers8.1.1 Halogenated Benzonitriles8.1.1.1 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile8.1.1.2 2,6-Difluorobenzonitrile8.1.1.3 4-Phenoxy-2,3,5,6-Tetrafluorobenzonitrile8.1.1.4 Pentachlorobenzonitrile and Pentafluorobenzonitrile
8.1.2 Aromatic Hydroxy Compounds
8.1.2.1 9,9-Bis-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)- Fluorene
8.1.2.2 Spirodilactams8.1.3 Cardo Xanthene
8.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
8.2.1 Electrophilic Route8.2.2 Nucleophilic Route8.2.2.1 Cyclic Oligomers8.2.2.2 Branched Polymers8.2.2.3 Arylene Carbonate Cyanoarylene Ether Copolymers
8.3 Properties
8.3.1 Mechanical Properties8.3.2 Thermal Properties8.3.3 Solubility
8.3.4 Plasticization
8.4 Applications
8.4.1 Reinforced Resins
8.4.2 Filter Materials8.4.3 Resin-Bonded Magnets8.4.4 Proton Exchange Membranes
8.4.5 Nanocomposites
8.4.5.1 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites8.4.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes Hybrid Films
8.4.5.3 Fullerene Nanocomposites
8.4.6 Films8.4.7 Hollow Glass Microspheres8.5 SafetyReferences
9 Triazole Polymers
9.1 Monomers9.2 Polymerization and Fabrication9.2.1 Reaction of Dinitriles with Dihydrazides9.2.2 Aromatic Nucleophilic Displacement
9.2.3 Poly(bis-1,2,4-triazole)s
9.2.4 Poly(1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole)9.2.5 1,2,4-Triazole Dendrimers
9.2.6 Coordination Polymers
9.2.7 Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.2.8 Cycloaddition of Azide9.2.9 Dendritic Polymers9.2.10 Conducting Polymers9.3 Properties9.3.1 Thermal Properties9.3.2 Electrical Properties
9.3.3 Optical Properties
9.3.3.1 Chromophores with Nonlinear Optical Properties9.3.3.2 Polymeric Light-Emitting Diode9.3.3.3 Photocuring9.3.3.4 Photographic Materials9.3.3.5 UV Absorbers
9.3.4 Carbon Dioxide Absorption
9.4 Special Additives9.4.1 Degradation Inhibitors9.5 Applications9.5.1 Blocked Isocyanates
9.5.2 Crosslinking Rubbers
9.5.3 Coatings9.5.4 High-Temperature Adhesives
9.5.5 Fluorescence Sensor
9.5.6 Fluorescent Light-emitting Polymer9.5.7 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors9.5.7.1 Electrodeposition
9.5.7.2 Aqueous Dispersions
9.5.8 Electrochemical Sensor9.5.9 Solar Cells
9.5.10 Gas-Generating Compositions
9.5.11 Memory Applications9.5.12 Membranes
9.5.13 Solid Propellants
9.5.14 Biocidal Polymers
9.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
9.7 SafetyReferences
10 Poly(oxadiazole)s
10.1 Monomers10.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
10.2.1 Polycondensation
10.2.2 Anionic Polymerization
10.2.3 Heck Coupling
10.2.4 Modified Ethers10.2.5 Sulfonation10.3 Properties10.3.1 Mechanical Properties10.3.2 Thermal Properties
10.3.3 Electrical Properties
10.3.4 Optical Properties10.3.4.1 Photoluminescence10.3.4.2 Ultraviolet Resistance10.3.4.3 Optically Active Types
10.3.5 Solubility
10.4 Applications10.4.1 Fibers10.4.2 Membranes10.4.3 Photovoltaic Cells
10.4.4 Sensors
10.4.5 Light-Emitting Devices10.4.6 Graphite Precursors
10.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
10.6 SafetyReferences
11 Poly(naphthalates)
11.1 Monomers11.1.1 Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid11.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
11.2.1 Poly(ethylene naphthalate)
11.2.1.1 Esterification11.2.1.2 Polycondensation11.2.1.3 Crystallization11.2.1.4 Solid State Polymerization
11.2.2 Copolymers
11.2.2.1 Aromatic Dihydroxyethoxy Compounds
11.2.2.2 Poly(ether ester) Elastomers
11.2.2.3 Block Copolymers11.2.2.4 Terpolymers11.2.3 Blends11.2.3.1 Blends of PET and PEN11.2.3.2 Blends of PBT or Poly(amide) and PEN11.2.3.3 Blends of HDPE and PEN11.2.3.4 Blends of Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and PEN11.2.3.5 Blends of Poly(pentamethylene 2,6-naphthalate) and Poly(heptamethy- lene 2,6-naphthalate)11.2.3.6 Blends of Poly(styrene) and PEN11.2.3.7 Blends of Poly(carbonate) and PEN11.2.3.8 Copolymers
11.2.4 Poly(1,3-propylene 2,6-naphthalate)
11.2.4.1 Condensation11.2.4.2 Stretching
11.2.4.3 Poly(1,3-propylene terephthalate/2,6-naphthalate)
11.3 Properties11.3.1 Mechanical Properties11.3.2 Thermal Properties
11.3.3 Electrical Properties
11.3.4 Optical Properties
11.3.5 Gas Permeability
11.3.6 Size-Exclusion Chromatography
11.3.7 Chemical Resistance
11.4 Special Additives
11.4.1 Flame Retardants11.4.2 Protective Coatings11.4.3 Nanocomposites11.5 Applications11.5.1 Poly(ethylene naphthalate)
11.5.2 Films
11.5.2.1 Magnetic Recoding Media11.5.2.2 Photographic Films11.5.2.3 Encapsulation for Flexible Organic Solar Cells11.5.2.4 Substrates for Electronic Devices
11.5.3 Fibers
11.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades11.7 Safety11.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling
References (1/2)
References (2/2)
12 Partially Aromatic Poly(amide)s
12.1 Monomers
12.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
12.2.1 Conventional Route12.2.2 Instant or Aerosol Process12.2.3 Batch Processes
12.2.4 Continuous Routes
12.2.5 Interfacial Condensation12.2.6 Ester Recycling Route12.2.7 Thioether Types
12.2.8 Environmental Friendly Synthesis
12.2.9 Side Reactions12.2.10 Blends and Copolymers12.2.10.1 Blends with Poly(propylene)12.2.10.2 Blends with Poly(arylene ether)
12.2.10.3 Poly(amide)—Poly(amide) Blends
12.2.11 Fabrication Techniques12.2.11.1 Reactive Melt Processing12.3 Properties12.3.1 Mechanical Properties
12.3.2 Thermal Properties
12.3.3 Chemical Properties
12.4 Special Additives12.4.1 Fillers12.4.1.1 Nanoclays
12.4.2 Antioxidants
12.4.3 Lubricants
12.4.4 Impact Modifiers12.4.5 Flame Retardants12.5 Applications12.5.1 Fibers
12.5.2 Transparent Types
12.5.3 Compositions for Welding
12.5.4 Electroplated Articles
12.5.5 Hot-Melt Adhesives
12.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
12.7 Safety
12.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling
References
13 Aramids
13.1 Monomers13.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
13.2.1 Acid Chloride Route
13.2.2 Acid Route
13.2.3 Carbon Monoxide Route13.2.4 Partially Aromatic Poly(amide)s
13.2.5 Fibers
13.2.5.1 Spinning
13.2.5.2 Modification and Treatment
13.2.6 Aramid Paper
13.2.7 Honeycombs
13.2.8 Aramid Films13.2.9 Nanocomposites
13.3 Properties
13.3.1 Mechanical Properties13.3.1.1 Friction and Wear Properties13.3.1.2 Impact Behavior Properties
13.3.2 Thermal Properties
13.3.3 Optical Properties13.3.4 Wettability13.4 Special Additives13.4.1 Ultraviolet Stabilizers13.4.2 Electrically Conductive Modifier
13.4.3 Peroxide Modified Aramid
13.5 Applications13.5.1 Friction Materials
13.5.2 Gaskets
13.5.3 Reinforcing Materials13.5.4 Catalyst Supports
13.5.5 Carbon Fiber Precursors
13.5.6 Nanofibrous Membranes13.5.7 Cryogenic Fuel Tanks13.5.8 Workwear13.5.9 Cut-Resistant Gloves
13.5.10 Hyperbranched Aramids
13.5.11 Medical Applications13.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
13.7 Safety
13.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling13.8.1 Geotextiles13.8.2 Water Disinfection13.8.2.1 DetoxificationReferences
14 Poly(amide-imide)s
14.1 Monomers
14.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
14.2.1 Isocyanate Route14.2.2 Acid Chloride Route
14.2.3 Direct Polymerization Route
14.2.4 Microwave Polymerization
14.2.5 End-Capped Poly(amide-imide)14.2.6 Unsaturated Poly(amide-imide)
14.2.7 Blends
14.2.7.1 Nanocomposites14.2.8 Foams14.2.8.1 Continuous Physical Foaming14.2.8.2 Chemical Foaming
14.3 Properties
14.3.1 Mechanical Properties14.3.2 Optical Properties14.3.2.1 Optically Active Polymers
14.4 Applications
14.4.1 Membranes14.4.1.1 Gas Separation Membranes14.4.1.2 Hollow Fiber Membranes14.4.1.3 Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration Membranes
14.4.1.4 Catalytic Membranes
14.4.2 Coatings and Adhesives14.4.2.1 Wire Enamels
14.4.2.2 Craze Resistant Coatings
14.4.2.3 Adhesive Coatings14.4.3 Fibers14.4.4 Optical Applications14.4.4.1 Optical Waveguide Materials14.4.4.2 Photochromic Materials14.4.4.3 Electrochromic Materials
14.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
14.6 Safety
References (1/2)
References (2/2)
15 Poly(imide)s
15.1 Monomers
15.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
15.2.1 Conventional Route
15.2.2 Isocyanate Route
15.2.3 Aqueous Route
15.2.4 Nucleophilic Displacement Polymerization
15.2.5 Transimidization
15.2.6 Chemical Vapor Deposition
15.2.7 Hindered Biphenols15.2.8 Poly(isoimide)s15.2.9 Functionalized Poly(imide)15.2.9.1 PETI Types
15.2.9.2 Citraconic Anhydride Types
15.2.9.3 Isocyanate Types15.2.9.4 Urea Types15.2.10 Thermosetting Types
15.2.11 Bis(maleimide)s
15.2.12 Poly(imide sulfones)
15.3 Properties
15.4 Special Additives
15.5 Applications
15.5.1 Foams15.5.1.1 Aerogels
15.5.2 Microporous Types
15.5.3 Membranes15.5.3.1 Crosslinked Membranes15.5.3.2 Blends15.5.3.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes15.5.3.4 Carbon Membranes15.5.3.5 Methane Enrichment in Biogas15.5.3.6 Pervaporation Membranes15.5.3.7 Ion Exchange Membranes15.5.3.8 Fuel Cell Membranes
15.5.4 Sensor Technology
15.5.5 Polymer Matrix Electrolytes
15.5.6 Lithium Ion Batteries
15.5.7 Films and Coatings for Electronic Applications
15.5.8 Photosensitive PI Resins
15.5.8.1 Negative Types15.5.8.2 Positive Types
15.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
15.7 Safety15.8 Environmental Impact and Recycling
References (1/2)
References (2/2)
16 Poly(benzimidazole)s
16.1 Monomers16.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
16.3 Properties
16.4 Applications16.4.1 Nanocomposites16.4.2 Gas Separation Membranes
16.4.3 Fuel Cells
16.4.4 Photoswitchable Polymers
16.5 Suppliers and Commercial Grades16.6 Safety
16.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling
References
17 Liquid Crystal Polymers
17.1 Monomers
17.1.1 Acetylation
17.1.2 Functionalized Monomers
17.2 Polymerization and Fabrication
17.2.1 Copoly(ester)s17.2.2 Poly(ester amide)s17.2.3 Click Chemistry
17.2.4 Photocrosslinkable Polymers
17.3 Properties17.3.1 Mechanical Properties17.3.2 Thermal Properties
17.3.3 Electrical and Optical Properties
17.4 Special Additives
17.4.1 Dopants17.5 Applications17.5.1 In Situ Composites
17.5.2 Optical Data Storage
17.5.3 Stationary Phases
17.5.4 Sensors and Actuators
17.5.5 Liquid Crystal Displays17.5.5.1 Polymer Fixation
17.5.5.2 Viewing Angle Dependency
17.5.6 Electrically Conductive Compositions17.5.7 Biomedical Applications17.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades
17.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling
References (1/2)
References (2/2)
Index (1/4)
Index (2/4)
Index (3/4)
Index (4/4)

Content preview from High Performance Polymers, 2nd Edition

2: POLY( p-XYLYLENE)S 63

2.7 Safety

Not much is known about the toxicity of cycloph-

anes. p-Xylylenes, cyclophanes, and halogen-subst-

ituted p-xylylenes show minor toxic effects [133].

However, the polymer class is extensively used in

medical applications. The cytotoxicity of poly(2(3)-

(4-phenylbutyl)-1,4-phenyleneethylene) has been

tested by in vitro experiments and showed mild

toxicity [18].

References

[1] Szwarc M. The p-quinodimethane molecule.

Discuss Faraday Soc 1947:46–9.

[2] Szwarc M. The C−−H bond energy in toluene

and xylene. J Chem Phys 1948;16:128–36.

[3] Szwarc M. Poly-para-xylelene: its chemistry

and application in coating technology. Polym

Eng Sci 1976;16:473–9.

[4] Gorham WF. Alkylated di-p-xylylenes. US

patent 3117168, assigned to Union

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