Electromotive force (£) and potential difference (p.d.) are both
measured in volts. The symbol is V. Direct current (d.c.) sources
include both primary and secondary batteries. A.c. voltages, which
will be discussed in Chapter 6, can also be converted into d.c.
Voltages can be measured with an analogue instrument having a
pointer which indicates the value of the voltage, or by a digital
instrument which indicates the reading by a display of number. A
d.c. voltage has a constant amplitude and its magnitude depends on
the source used.
1.2 Units
It is important to examine the units used in the measurements o ...
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