
Mark Millonas (1994), at Santa Fe Institute, who develops his kind of
swarm models for applications in artificial life, has articulated five basic
principles of swarm intelligence:
■
The proximity principle: The population should be able to carry
out simple space and time computations.
■
The quality principle: The population should be able to respond to
quality factors in the environment.
■
The principle of diverse response: The population should not com-
mit its activity along excessively narrow channels.
■
The principle of stability: The population should not change its
mode of behavior every time the environment changes.
■
The principle of adaptability: