Swarm Intelligence

a tendency that, while logically invalid, in fact results in excellent

information-processing capabilities. We don’t agree that human think-

ing is faulty; we suggest on the contrary that formal logic is insufficient

to solve the kinds of problems that humans typically deal with.

Emergent Culture, Immergent Intelligence

After some number of iterations the members of the particle swarm pop-

ulations are found to have congregated around one or more of the op-

tima. In cases where multiple global optima are discovered by the popu-

lation, topological neighbors tend to cluster in the same regions of the

search space. These clusters extend beyond hard-coded ...