Swarm Intelligence

Each new binary element that is added doubles the patterns of node acti-

vations. It quickly becomes impossible to test all possible combinations,

and so it is necessary to find a way to reduce the size of the search; we

need a good algorithm for the optimal allocation of trials.

The second factor, K, is also known as epistasis. This term has been

borrowed, perhaps inaccurately, from genetics, where it is often seen that

the effect of a gene at one site on the chromosome depends on the states

of genes at other sites. Kauffman has shown that when K becomes higher

relative to N, landscapes become irregular and eventually random. When

K is high, the highest ...