
Machine Adaptation
Adaptation as used in particle swarm computer programs falls within
the area of computational intelligence, which comprises practical adapta-
tion concepts, paradigms, algorithms, and implementations that enable
or facilitate appropriate actions (intelligent behavior) in complex and
changing environments (Eberhart, Simpson, and Dobbins, 1996). For a
discussion of complex adaptive systems that is applicable to intelligent
systems, see Holland (1992).
Particle swarms can be used in many machine adaptation applica-
tions, such as evolving fuzzy expert systems, a process that relies on
nonprogrammed emergent behavior to evolve fuzzy rule ...