
center is usually better than an average individual, but worse than the
best of a group of three.
Adding Selection to Particle Swarms
Peter J. Angeline (1998a) investigated the relationship between particle
swarms and evolutionary methods by introducing selection to particle
swarms. At every iteration the worst half of the population, as deter-
mined by tournament selection, was replaced by clones of the better
half. Social-psychologically, this simulates the effect of changing group
membership, for instance, in an organization when poor workers are
fired or quit, to be replaced by new and better individuals, or in informal
groups where deviants are