Swarm Intelligence

Variations of the Particle Swarm Paradigm

The particle swarm paradigm has undergone many tweaks and modifica-

tions since its discovery in 1994. Various researchers have analyzed it

and experimented with it, including mathematicians, engineers, physi-

cists, biochemists, and psychologists. In the process, a certain body of

lore has emerged to provide hypotheses for research as well as guidelines

for applications. The lore itself evolves as the algorithm is better under-

stood, as theorists debate the nature of adaptive systems, and as pro-

grammers’ serendipitous trials and errors result in surprising improve-

ments. This section addresses some of the ...