
Advanced Countries Countries
having high national and per capita
income that ensure high rate of capi-
tal formation. These countries pos-
sess highly developed infrastructure
and apply most updated and advanced
technical know-how in their productive
activities. A strong and well-organized
nancial structure is the characteristic
of advanced countries.
Ad Valorem Tax
A
type of indirect
tax in which goods are taxed by their
values. In the case of ad valorem tax,
the tax amount is calculated as the pro-
portion of the price of the goods. Value
Added Tax (VAT) is an ad valorem tax.
Arbitrage
When the middleman
buys and sells goods at a particular