
8 Introduction to Electrical Power and Power Electronics
power, he or she always draws the phasor diagram using the rms values. The rms
values are customarily implied in the power eld, and we will do the same in this
book as well.
For average power, we recognize that the voltage and current that are out of phase
would produce less average power than those in phase with their peaks occurring at
the same time. If V and I are in phase (i.e., when θ = 0), their product P = V × I is
always positive even when both V and I are negative during one-half cycle. However,
when θ ≠ 0, the instantaneous power is negative when either V or I is negative and ...