
8
Advanced Numerical
Integration
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Dynamic errors, an important aspect in digital simulation of dynamic systems, are introduced.
Instead of focusing on truncation errors, the simulationist may be more concerned with errors in
dynamic response, a yardstick of simulation accuracy involving comparisons of transient and
sinusoidal responses of continuous-time and discrete-time models.
The subject of dynamic errors has been covered in great detail by Howe (1986). The commonly
used numerical integrators are analyzed by considering the characteristic roots, magnitude, and
phase properties of the ‘‘equivalent continuous-time system,’’ that is, ...