January 2018
Intermediate to advanced
856 pages
17h 17m
Chinese
Content preview from Python 技術手冊 第三版
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第 16 章 測試、除錯和最佳化
所有的這些任務都是大工作而且很重要，而每個都至少能寫成一本書。本
章不會討論相關的每個技巧和後果，而是專注在 Python 限定的技巧、方法
和工具。
測試
在本章中，我們會區分不同種類的測試：單元測試（unit testing）和系統
測試（system testing）。測試是一個內涵豐富的重要領域：還能以許多不同
的方式區分，但我們專注在對軟體開發人員最為重要的議題上。有許多開
發人員不願意花時間在測試上，認為它會浪費「真正的」開發時間，但這
是一種短視的行為：你越早找到缺陷，就越容易修補它們，如果能盡快找
到缺陷，測試所帶來的回報，就足以彌補花在上面的時間還有剩，這能節
省在軟體開發週期後面階段需要花在除錯上的大量時間。
單元測試和系統測試
單元測試
（
unit testing
）代表撰寫並執行針對單一模組的測試，或甚至是
更小的單元，例如一個類別或函式。
系統測試
（
system testing
，也叫做
功
能
或
整合
或
端對端
測試）是以已知的輸入執行整個程式。關於測試的某些
經典書籍也會區分在知道程式內部運作方式下進行的
白盒測試
（
white-box
testing
），和沒有這種知識下所進行的
黑盒測試
（
black-box testing
）。這種
傳統的觀點接近但不完全等同於現代對於單元測試 vs. 系統測試的區分。
單元測試和系統測試的目標不同。單元測試隨著開發過程同步進行，你
可以也應該在開發每個單元時測試它。一個相對現代的做法（1971 年在
Weinberg 不朽的經典 ...
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