January 2018
Intermediate to advanced
856 pages
17h 17m
Chinese
Content preview from Python 技術手冊 第三版
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22
結構化文字：HTML
Web 上的大多數文件都使用 HTML，即 HyperText Markup Language（超
文件標示語言）。
Markup
（
標示
）代表在文字文件（text document）中插
入特殊的記號（tokens），稱為
標記
（
tags
），以將文字結構化。HTML，
在理論上，是大型、通用的標準SGML（Standard General Markup
Language）的一個應用。實務上，web 上的許多文件都是以草率或不正確
的方式使用 HTML。這些年來，瀏覽器演化出了試探法（heuristics）來彌
補這點，但即使是這樣，仍然會發生瀏覽器以怪異的方式顯示一個錯誤標
示（wrongly marked-up）的網頁的情形（如果是現代的瀏覽器，就別責備
它們：十之八九，該責怪的是那個網頁的作者）。
除了在瀏覽器中呈現文件以外，HTML
1
能做的不多。想要從文件呈現
出來的樣子往回推，完整且精確地擷取出文件中的資訊，很多時候並不
可行。為了讓事情有條理一點，HTML 試著演進為一個更嚴謹的標準，
叫做 XHTML。XHTML 類似傳統的 HTML，但它是以 XML 來定義的，
比 HTML 更為精確。你能以第 23 章中所涵蓋的工具來處理格式正確的
XHTML。然而，在本文寫作之時，XHTML 看起來並未取得壓到性的成
功，反而是被（非 XML 的）最新版本 HTML5 搶了風采。
儘管困難，通常還是可能至少從 HTML 文件擷取出一些實用的資訊（這
種任務被稱為
screen-scraping ...
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I'm always learning. So when I got on to O'Reilly, I was like a kid in a candy store. There are playlists. There are answers. There's on-demand training. It's worth its weight in gold, in terms of what it allows me to do.