Semiconductor Device-Based Sensors for Gas, Chemical, and Biomedical Applications

58 Semiconductor Device-Based Sensors for Gas, Chemical, and Biomedical Applications

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

numbers of people around the world. A 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than

70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning of drinking water [117–119]. Some locations

in the United States, such as Fallon and Nevada, have long been known to have groundwater with

relatively high arsenic concentrations (in excess of 0.08 mg/L)

[120]. Even some surface waters,

such as the Verde River in Arizona, sometimes exceed 0.01 mg/L arsenic, especially during low-

ow periods when the river ow is dominated by groundwater discharge [121]. A drinking water

standard of 0.01 mg/L (10 ppb) was established in J ...