Semiconductor Device-Based Sensors for Gas, Chemical, and Biomedical Applications

Recent Advances in Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Biological and Gas Sensors 73

© 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

added to the surface. The abrupt current change due to the exposure of PSA in a buffer solution

could be stabilized after it diffused into the buffer solution. The ultimate detection limit appears to

be a few picogram per milliliter [41].

2.8.4  Kidney injury molecule detection

Problems such as acute kidney injury (AKI) or acute renal failure (ARF) are unfortunately still associated

with a high mortality rate [162–164]. An important biomarker for early detection of AKI is the urinary

antigen known as kidney injury molecule-1 or KIM- ...