
e Use of Big Data in Healthcare • 239
and epidemiological research are being integrated to provide research-
ers with high quality and low burden measures that can be included in
genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and other types of studies. With
large population studies producing large amounts of information about
exposure to potential carcinogens, weak causal relationships, such as the
association of environmental factors with genetic characteristics, now can
be studied. But barriers to pooling data and the meta- analysis of existing
studies include lack of common exposure measures and associated analyt-
ics. e PhenX project is producing ...