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Alternatively, Concept Maps can be used, which allow for more flexibility in
relationship expression. See Figure 11.10 for an example of a C-Map.
The C-map is not constrained by the rules of OO, which force hierarchies. It
also does not have the problems of relational modeling, which does not allow
hierarchies. The lack of these constraints is both good and bad.
For example, even though the relational model does not represent hierar-
chies well,
2
it does provide rigor and certain rule enforcement (such as cardi-
nality, optionality, and relational integrity).
One of the known problems in the semantic modeling technologies avail-
able today is their ...