Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction to cellular telecommunications 1
Beginnings 1
Overview of the systems 9
2 Radio wa ves and propagation 13
Electric fields 13
Magnetic fields 14
Radio waves 15
Frequency-to-wavelength conversion 17
Polarization 19
How radio signals travel 19
Refraction, reflection and diffraction 20
Coverage and network planning 25
3 Modulation 27
Radio carrier 27
Amplitude modulation 27
Modulation index 31
Frequency modulation 32
Modulation index and deviation ratio 33
Sidebands 34
Bandwidth 35
Improvement in signal-to-noise ratio 36
Frequency shift keying 37
Phase modulation 37
Phase shift keying 38
Minimum shift keying 40
Quadrature amplitude modulation 42
Spread spectrum techniques 43
Frequency hopping 43
Direct sequence spread spectrum 44
Orthogonal ...