Hands-On Geospatial Analysis with R and QGIS

K-function

K-function is another useful function for clustering point patterns. For different values of distance, r, the function takes the average number of events in a radius, r, around every event: K(r). Similar to G-function, we can also use envelope() to estimate the upper and lower values for every r under consideration. Similar to before, if, for the observed data, K(r) is greater than the upper limit of the range, there is the possibility of clustering:

ppp_gf = envelope(ppp_object3, Kest, correction = "border")plot(ppp_gf, main = "K-function")

This gives us the following plot:

For many points, the observed K(r) is higher than the ...