which is captured in data models that exist at the physical level (also known as the
“implementation level”).
Data models are typically built using database design practices based on con-
cepts of relational database theory. In practice this means that each piece of infor-
mation belongs in only one place in a database, that similar pieces of information
are grouped together, and that these groupings may be related by sharing common
pieces of information. These objects are discovered, recorded, and structured into
a design by a process called data modeling, which is part science and part art. It
is part science because there are rules that constrain how a database should be
built, and it is part art because it requires extracting complete and correct ...