exceedingly small. Instead, we could design a system that is cheaper to build and use
mathematical tools to consider the probability of crash due to overload.
For the set of instances of size n, we associate a probability distribution Pr{s
i
}, which
assigns a probability between 0 and 1 to each instance s
i
such that the sum of the
probabilities over all instances of size nis 1. More formally, if S
n
is the set of instan‐
ces of size n, then:
∑
s
i
∈S
n
Prs
i
=1
If t() measures the work done by an algorithm on each instance, then the average-
case work done by an algorithm on S
n
is:
T
ac
n=
∑
s
i
∈S
n
ts
i
Prs
i
That is, the actual work done on instance ...
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