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算法技术手册(原书第2 版)
book

算法技术手册(原书第2 版)

by George T.Heineman, Gary Pollice, Stanley Selkow
August 2017
Intermediate to advanced
360 pages
8h 35m
Chinese
China Machine Press
Content preview from 算法技术手册(原书第2 版)
排序算法
79
排序算法
值会从桶中提取出来并写回到输入数组中。当一个桶中包含多个元素时,需要采用
插入
排序
对桶内元素进行排序。对于表现出
O(
n
)
性能的桶排序,我们需要保证排序每个桶所
花费的总时间为
O(
n
)
。我们定义
n
i
是分到桶
b
i
的元素数目。我们可以把
n
i
看作随机变量(使
用统计理论)。现在考虑
n
i
的期望值
E
[
n
i
]
。输入中的每一个元素插入一个给定的桶中的
概率为
1/
p
,因为每个元素的值是从
[0,1)
之间均匀提取的。因此
E
[
n
i
] =
n
*
p
=
n
*
(1/
n
) = 1
方差
Var
[
n
i
] =
n
*
p
*
(1
p
) = (1
1/
n
)
。考虑方差是非常重要的,因此有些桶可能是空的,
而其他的可能有多于
1
个元素。我们需要保证没有桶包含过多的元素。通过统计理论,
可以得到如下的随机变量等式:
E
[
n
i
2
] =
Var
[
n
i
]+
E
2
[
n
i
]
这个等式计算出了
n
i
2
的期望值。这个计算非常关键,因为它决定了插入排序的费用,而
在最坏情况下,插入排序的性能为
O(
n
2
)
。进一步计算可以得到,
E
[
n
i
2
]=(1
1/
n
) + 1= (2
1/
n
)
,也就是说,
E
[
n
i
2
]
可以被认为是一个常数。这意味着在
n
个桶上执行插入排序的
费用加起来之后,总的期望性能为
O(
n
)
4.7.3 衍生算法
散列排序
创建了数量相对更多的
k
个桶(而不是
n
个桶)来分配元素。随着
k
的增长,
散列排序的性能会不断提升。
散列排序
的关键之处在于
散列函数
hash(e)
回的整数值。
对于每个元素
e
,如果
a
i
a
j
,就有
hash
(
a
i
)
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Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9787111562221