
Preface
Over the past decades, science and technology have gone through tremendous changes in terms of
computing, communications, and control to provide a wide range of applications in all domains.
This advancement provides opportunities to bridge physical components and cyber space, leading
to cyber-physical systems (CPS). The notion of CPS is to use computing (sensing, analyzing, pre-
dicting, understanding), communication (interaction, intervene, interface management), and control
(interoperate, evolve, evidence-based certification) to make intelligent and autonomous systems. The
complexity in CPS has increased due to the integration of cyber