Cyber-Physical Systems

206 Cyber-Physical Systems: From Theory to Practice

TABLE 8.1

Coverage Factor as a Function of a

Confidence Level for the Gaussian

Distribution

Coverage Factor (k) Confidence Level (%)

k =1 67

k =1.96 95

k = 2.576 99

k = 2.3 99.7

Finally, the combined standard uncertainty, which may be thought of as equivalent to one stan-

dard deviation, is transformed into an overall expanded uncertainty, U, which is the final output, via

multiplication with a coverage factor k, that is,

U(y) = k · u

c

(y), (8.27)

where the value of k is determined in terms of the desired confidence level of a Gaussian distribution

as shown in Table 8.1.

The computation of U completes the